The objective of this study is to investigate how pulses of precipitation translate into pulses of plant aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and how the small mammal community responds to such changes in relation to shrub gradients in northern Chihuahuan Desert landscapes. This dataset consists of the first capture of individuals each year that can be used to calculate an index of relative abundance of rodents (i.e., number of unique individuals captured by species). The first-capture data are derived from mark-recapture sampling during 4 consecutive night trapping events held annually in three habitat vegetation zones (grassland, ecotone, and mesquite shrubland) at three grassland-to-shrubland ecotone sites in the Jornada Basin, Dona Ana County, New Mexico, USA. Variables include rodent species, sex, reproductive status, weight, and maturity status. Also available are measures of relative abundance and biomass of rodents in data package knb-lter-jrn.210262010. This is an ongoing dataset.