This dataset contains soil moisture data from a study at the Jornada Experimental Range (JER) in southern New Mexico. The study was designed to assess the effect of interannual variability in precipitation on average aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) in Chihuahuan Desert grasslands. The study began in 2009 and has five precipitation treatments (see Methods). While the study began in 2009, contains 50 plots (10 per treatment) and is ongoing, these data have only been collected since July 2011 in a subset of 20 plots (4 per treatment). This dataset is intended to provide information about the amount of water in surface and deep soil layers, as well as verify that experimental precipitation manipulations are effective. This is an ongoing dataset that will be updated yearly.