Data were used to investigate long-term changes in tree intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE, i.e., the ratio between CO
2
assimilation and stomatal conductance) and the underlying physiological mechanisms. We used δ
18
O to estimate the
O enrichment in leaf water above the source water, δ
O
LW
Moreover we assessed the relationship between isotope-derived parameters and atmospheric CO
(c
a
) and climate factors. Isotope-related parameters included in the dataset are: α-cellulose δ
13
C, carbon isotope discrimination (Δ
C), leaf internal CO
concentration (ci) and the leaf to atmospheric CO
concentrations (c
i
/c
), α-cellulose δ
O, estimated δ
O in precipitation (see Method), oxygen isotope discrimination above the source water (δ
O). The dataset includes also the following climate parameters: growing season temperature (T
grs
), precipitation (P
) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD
) and mean annual temperature (T
), precipitation (T
) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD
), and standard precipitation-evaporation index, SPEI, relative to August, with 3 months’ lag from the global database. Finally, we also include the c
values that were used to calculate δ
C, iWUE and c
. All the equations used to calculate the isotope-derived parameters, including the leaf water δ
O (see Figure 3 in Guerrieri et al. 2019 PNAS) are also provided.