Canopy foliage was accessed for leaf angle distribution (LAD) measurements using a mobile canopy lift. At Harvard Forest measurements were made on excised branches setup in a nearby lab space to match the branch angle measured during collection. Branches were transported in water and measured within two hours of collection. At Thompson Farm, broadleaf measurements were made in situ, while needleleaf measurements were made on excised branches. The height of each measurement location was measured with a TruPulse 360R Laser Rangefinder, and each measurement location was categorized into one of three canopy position classes:
HIGH: Top of the canopy foliage experiencing predominantly bright, direct sunlight environment.
MID: Middle of the canopy foliage experiencing a mixed-light environment.
LOW: Lower part of the canopy foliage experiencing predominantly shaded, and indirect sunlight environment.
For broadleaf species, we measured the angle (degree offset from horizontal; accuracy +/- 0.3 degrees) of 50 leaves for each tree/canopy position using a level-calibrated digital angle gauge. Measurements were made in-line with the leaf lamina, taking care not to disturb leaf orientation.
For needleleaf species, we measured the orientation of clusters (e.g., one or more pine fascicle) of similarly aligned needles before plucking the needles and sorting them into needle angle classes (e.g., 0-10 °, 11-20 °, …, 81 -90 °). After measuring and sorting several hundred needles, we weighed the mass of each angle class and estimated needleleaf LAD based on the mass-based proportion of each needle class.
A two-parameter Beta distribution was calculated for each species and height class as described by equations 21 - 26 in Wang et al. 2007 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.12.003).