Data Package Metadata View Summary

Time series of high-frequency profiles of depth, temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, specific conductivity, chlorophyll a, turbidity, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, photosynthetically active radiation, colored dissolved organic matter, phycocyanin, phycoerythrin, and descent rate for Beaverdam Reservoir, Carvins Cove Reservoir, Falling Creek Reservoir, Gatewood Reservoir, and Spring Hollow Reservoir in southwestern Virginia, USA 2013-2023

General Information

Data Package:

Local Identifier:

edi.1113.3

Title:

Time series of high-frequency profiles of depth, temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, specific conductivity, chlorophyll a, turbidity, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, photosynthetically active radiation, colored dissolved organic matter, phycocyanin, phycoerythrin, and descent rate for Beaverdam Reservoir, Carvins Cove Reservoir, Falling Creek Reservoir, Gatewood Reservoir, and Spring Hollow Reservoir in southwestern Virginia, USA 2013-2023

Alternate Identifier:

DOI PLACE HOLDER

Abstract:

Depth profiles of water biogeochemical properties were collected with SeaBird Electronics (SBE) Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth (CTD) profilers from 2013-2023. Data availability differs across years due to additional sensors that have been added or replaced over time. From 2013-2016, profiles were taken with a CTD equipped with an SBE 43 Dissolved Oxygen sensor and an ECO FLNTU sensor for turbidity and chlorophyll. From 2017-2023, profiles were taken with a CTD equipped with an SBE 43 Dissolved Oxygen sensor, an ECO FLNTU sensor for turbidity and chlorophyll, a PAR-LOG ICSW sensor for photosynthetically active radiation, and a SBE 27 pH and ORP (oxidation-reduction potential) sensor. In 2022 and 2023, profiles were also taken with an additional CTD equipped with an SBE 43 Dissolved Oxygen sensor, an ECO Triplet Scattering Fluorescence sensor for CDOM, phycocyanin, and phycoerythrin, an ECO FLNTU sensor for turbidity and chlorophyll, and PAR-LOG ICSW for photosynthetically active radiation. CTD profiles were collected in five drinking water reservoirs in southwestern Virginia, USA. All variables were measured every 0.25 seconds, resulting in depth profiles at approximately ten centimeter resolution. The five study reservoirs are: Beaverdam Reservoir (Vinton, Virginia), Carvins Cove Reservoir (Roanoke, Virginia), Falling Creek Reservoir (Vinton, Virginia), Gatewood Reservoir (Pulaski, Virginia), and Spring Hollow Reservoir (Salem, Virginia). Beaverdam, Carvins Cove, Falling Creek, and Spring Hollow Reservoirs are owned and operated by the Western Virginia Water Authority as primary or secondary drinking water sources for Roanoke, Virginia, and Gatewood Reservoir is a drinking water source for the town of Pulaski, Virginia. The dataset consists of CTD depth profiles measured at the deepest site of each reservoir adjacent to the dam as well as other upstream reservoir sites. The profiles were collected approximately fortnightly in the spring months, weekly in the summer and early autumn, and monthly in the late autumn and winter. Beaverdam Reservoir, Carvins Cove Reservoir, and Falling Creek Reservoir were sampled every year in the dataset (2013-2023); Spring Hollow Reservoir was only sampled 2013-2017 and 2019; and Gatewood Reservoir was only sampled in 2016.

Publication Date:

2024-04-19

For more information:
Visit:	DOI PLACE HOLDER

Time Period

Begin:

2013-03-07

End:

2023-12-04

People and Organizations
Contact:	Carey, Cayelan C. (Virginia Tech) [ email ]
Creator:	Carey, Cayelan C. (Virginia Tech)
Creator:	Lewis, Abigail S. L. (Virginia Tech)
Creator:	Breef-Pilz, Adrienne (Virginia Tech)

Data Entities
Data Table Name:	CTD dataset 2013-2023
Description:	Reservoir CTD dataset
Data Table Name:	Descriptions of sample sites
Description:	Sample site descriptions
Other Name:	QAQC script
Description:	High-level QAQC script used to process data from 2018-2023 - references scripts in helper_scripts.zip
Other Name:	Helper scripts
Description:	Scripts used to compile casts and apply QAQC, as referenced by CTD_QAQC_2018_2023.R

Detailed Metadata

Data Entities

Data Table


Data:	https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/1113/3/0432a298a90b2b662f26c46071f66b8a
Name:	CTD dataset 2013-2023
Description:	Reservoir CTD dataset
Number of Records:	1282987
Number of Columns:	34

Table Structure

Object Name:

CTD_2013_2023.csv

Size:

194379656 bytes

Authentication:

697b47c44f015ef139e2214c4e300220 Calculated By MD5

Text Format:

Number of Header Lines:

Record Delimiter:

Orientation:

column

Simple Delimited:

Field Delimiter:

Table Column Descriptions

Column Name:

Reservoir

Site

DateTime

Depth_m

Temp_C

DO_mgL

DOsat_percent

Cond_uScm

SpCond_uScm

Chla_ugL

Turbidity_NTU

ORP_mV

PAR_umolm2s

CDOM_ugL

Phycoerythrin_ugL

Phycocyanin_ugL

DescRate_ms

Flag_DateTime

Flag_Temp_C

Flag_DO_mgL

Flag_DOsat_percent

Flag_Cond_uScm

Flag_SpCond_uScm

Flag_Chla_ugL

Flag_Turbidity_NTU

Flag_pH

Flag_ORP_mV

Flag_PAR_umolm2s

Flag_CDOM_ugL

Flag_Phycoerythrin_ugL

Flag_Phycocyanin_ugL

Flag_DescRate_ms

Definition:

Three-letter code corresponding to sampled reservoir

Sampling site within each reservoir (see site_descriptions.csv file included in this data package)

Date and time of sampling. All data were collected in the eastern time zone of the U.S.A., with daylight savings time observed

Water depth where the sensor reading was measured; negative values indicate height above the water’s surface

CTD serial number (see Methods)

Water temperature

Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration

Dissolved oxygen (DO) percent saturation

Conductivity

Specific conductance; conductivity normalized to 25 degrees celsius

Chlorophyll a

Turbidity

Water pH

Reduction potential

Photosynthetically active radiation

Colored dissolved organic matter

Phycoerythrin

Phycocyanin

Descent rate

Data flag for date time

Data flag for temperature

Data flag for dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration

Data flag for dissolved oxygen (DO) saturation

Data flag for conductivity

Data flag for specific conductivity

Data flag for chlorophyll a

Data flag for turbidity

Data flag for pH

Data flag for ORP

Data flag for photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)

Data flag for CDOM

Data flag for Phycoerythrin

Data flag for Phycocyanin

Data flag for descent rate

Storage Type:

string

float

date

float

string

float

string

Measurement Type:

nominal

ratio

dateTime

ratio

nominal

ratio

nominal

Measurement Values Domain:

Allowed Values and Definitions

Enumerated Domain

Code Definition

Code	BVR
Definition	Beaverdam Reservoir
Source

Code Definition

Code	CCR
Definition	Carvins Cove Reservoir
Source

Code Definition

Code	FCR
Definition	Falling Creek Reservoir
Source

Code Definition

Code	GWR
Definition	Gatewood Reservoir
Source

Code Definition

Code	SHR
Definition	Spring Hollow Reservoir
Source

Unit	dimensionless
Type	real
Min	7
Max	50.9

Format	YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss
Precision

Unit	meter
Type	real
Min	-0.222
Max	63.797

Allowed Values and Definitions

Enumerated Domain

Code Definition

Code	4397
Definition	CTD serial number 4397 (used from 2013 - 2016)
Source

Code Definition

Code	7809
Definition	CTD serial number 4397 (used from 2017 - present)
Source

Code Definition

Code	8188
Definition	CTD serial number 4397 (used from 2022 - present)
Source

Unit	celsius
Type	real
Min	3.1253
Max	31.0735

Unit	milligramsPerLiter
Type	real
Min	0
Max	19.7582

Unit	percent
Type	real
Min	0
Max	211.892

Unit	microSiemenPerCentimeter
Type	real
Min	0.071384
Max	466.855174

Unit	microSiemenPerCentimeter
Type	real
Min	0.064
Max	720.16

Unit	microgramsPerLiter
Type	real
Min	0
Max	258.1299

Unit	dimensionless
Type	real
Min	0
Max	962.7232

Unit	dimensionless
Type	real
Min	0.012
Max	16.439

Unit	millivolt
Type	real
Min	-1240.7455
Max	1159.2414

Unit	micromolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond
Type	real
Min	0
Max	4303

Unit	microgramsPerLiter
Type	real
Min	0
Max	31.14

Unit	microgramsPerLiter
Type	real
Min	0
Max	2.8968

Unit	microgramsPerLiter
Type	real
Min	0
Max	43.8651

Unit	metersPerSecond
Type	real
Min	-4.859
Max	4.787

Allowed Values and Definitions

Enumerated Domain

Code Definition

Code	0
Definition	Not suspect
Source

Code Definition

Code	7
Definition	Datetime missing time (date is meaningful but not time)
Source

Allowed Values and Definitions

Enumerated Domain

Code Definition

Code	0
Definition	Not suspect
Source

Code Definition

Code	1
Definition	Sample not taken
Source

Code Definition

Code	2
Definition	Instrument malfunction
Source

Code Definition

Code	3
Definition	Sample below detection
Source

Code Definition

Code	4
Definition	Negative value set to 0
Source

Code Definition

Code	5
Definition	No sensor on CTD
Source

Allowed Values and Definitions

Enumerated Domain

Code Definition

Code	0
Definition	Not suspect
Source

Code Definition

Code	1
Definition	Sample not taken
Source

Code Definition

Code	2
Definition	Instrument malfunction
Source

Code Definition

Code	3
Definition	Sample below detection
Source

Code Definition

Code	4
Definition	Negative value set to 0
Source

Code Definition

Code	5
Definition	No sensor on CTD
Source

Code Definition

Code	6
Definition	Above water measurement removed (set to NA)
Source

Allowed Values and Definitions

Enumerated Domain

Code Definition

Code	0
Definition	Not suspect
Source

Code Definition

Code	1
Definition	Sample not taken
Source

Code Definition

Code	2
Definition	Instrument malfunction
Source

Code Definition

Code	3
Definition	Sample below detection
Source

Code Definition

Code	4
Definition	Negative value set to 0
Source

Code Definition

Code	5
Definition	No sensor on CTD
Source

Code Definition

Code	6
Definition	Above water measurement removed (set to NA)
Source

Allowed Values and Definitions

Enumerated Domain

Code Definition

Code	0
Definition	Not suspect
Source

Code Definition

Code	1
Definition	Sample not taken
Source

Code Definition

Code	2
Definition	Instrument malfunction
Source

Code Definition

Code	3
Definition	Sample below detection
Source

Code Definition

Code	4
Definition	Negative value set to NA
Source

Code Definition

Code	5
Definition	No sensor on CTD
Source

Code Definition

Code	6
Definition	Above water measurement removed (set to NA)
Source

Allowed Values and Definitions

Enumerated Domain

Code Definition

Code	0
Definition	Not suspect
Source

Code Definition

Code	1
Definition	Sample not taken
Source

Code Definition

Code	2
Definition	Instrument malfunction
Source

Code Definition

Code	3
Definition	Sample below detection
Source

Code Definition

Code	4
Definition	Negative value set to NA
Source

Code Definition

Code	5
Definition	No sensor on CTD
Source

Code Definition

Code	6
Definition	Above water measurement removed (set to NA)
Source

Allowed Values and Definitions

Enumerated Domain

Code Definition

Code	0
Definition	Not suspect
Source

Code Definition

Code	1
Definition	Sample not taken
Source

Code Definition

Code	2
Definition	Instrument malfunction
Source

Code Definition

Code	3
Definition	Sample below detection
Source

Code Definition

Code	4
Definition	Negative value set to 0
Source

Code Definition

Code	5
Definition	No sensor on CTD
Source

Code Definition

Code	6
Definition	Above water measurement removed (set to NA)
Source

Allowed Values and Definitions

Enumerated Domain

Code Definition

Code	0
Definition	Not suspect
Source

Code Definition

Code	1
Definition	Sample not taken
Source

Code Definition

Code	2
Definition	Instrument malfunction
Source

Code Definition

Code	3
Definition	Sample below detection
Source

Code Definition

Code	4
Definition	Negative value set to 0
Source

Code Definition

Code	5
Definition	No sensor on CTD
Source

Code Definition

Code	6
Definition	Above water measurement removed (set to NA)
Source

Allowed Values and Definitions

Enumerated Domain

Code Definition

Code	0
Definition	Not suspect
Source

Code Definition

Code	1
Definition	Sample not taken
Source

Code Definition

Code	2
Definition	Instrument malfunction
Source

Code Definition

Code	3
Definition	Sample below detection
Source

Code Definition

Code	4
Definition	Negative value set to 0
Source

Code Definition

Code	5
Definition	No sensor on CTD
Source

Code Definition

Code	6
Definition	Above water measurement removed (set to NA)
Source

Code Definition

Code	8
Definition	Measurement outside of expected range but retained in dataset
Source

Allowed Values and Definitions

Enumerated Domain

Code Definition

Code	0
Definition	Not suspect
Source

Code Definition

Code	1
Definition	Sample not taken
Source

Code Definition

Code	2
Definition	Instrument malfunction
Source

Code Definition

Code	3
Definition	Sample below detection
Source

Code Definition

Code	5
Definition	No sensor on CTD
Source

Code Definition

Code	6
Definition	Above water measurement removed (set to NA)
Source

Allowed Values and Definitions

Enumerated Domain

Code Definition

Code	0
Definition	Not suspect
Source

Code Definition

Code	1
Definition	Sample not taken
Source

Code Definition

Code	2
Definition	Instrument malfunction
Source

Code Definition

Code	3
Definition	Sample below detection
Source

Code Definition

Code	4
Definition	Negative value set to NA
Source

Code Definition

Code	5
Definition	No sensor on CTD
Source

Allowed Values and Definitions

Enumerated Domain

Code Definition

Code	0
Definition	Not suspect
Source

Code Definition

Code	1
Definition	Sample not taken
Source

Code Definition

Code	2
Definition	Instrument malfunction
Source

Code Definition

Code	3
Definition	Sample below detection
Source

Code Definition

Code	4
Definition	Negative value set to 0
Source

Code Definition

Code	5
Definition	No sensor on CTD
Source

Code Definition

Code	6
Definition	Above water measurement removed (set to NA)
Source

Allowed Values and Definitions

Enumerated Domain

Code Definition

Code	0
Definition	Not suspect
Source

Code Definition

Code	1
Definition	Sample not taken
Source

Code Definition

Code	2
Definition	Instrument malfunction
Source

Code Definition

Code	3
Definition	Sample below detection
Source

Code Definition

Code	4
Definition	Negative value set to 0
Source

Code Definition

Code	5
Definition	No sensor on CTD
Source

Code Definition

Code	6
Definition	Above water measurement removed (set to NA)
Source

Allowed Values and Definitions

Enumerated Domain

Code Definition

Code	0
Definition	Not suspect
Source

Code Definition

Code	1
Definition	Sample not taken
Source

Code Definition

Code	2
Definition	Instrument malfunction
Source

Code Definition

Code	3
Definition	Sample below detection
Source

Code Definition

Code	4
Definition	Negative value set to 0
Source

Code Definition

Code	5
Definition	No sensor on CTD
Source

Code Definition

Code	6
Definition	Above water measurement removed (set to NA)
Source

Allowed Values and Definitions

Enumerated Domain

Code Definition

Code	0
Definition	Not suspect
Source

Code Definition

Code	1
Definition	Sample not taken
Source

Code Definition

Code	2
Definition	Instrument malfunction
Source

Code Definition

Code	3
Definition	Sample below detection
Source

Code Definition

Code	5
Definition	No sensor on CTD
Source

Missing Value Code:

Code	NA
Expl	No data

Code	NA
Expl	No data

Code	NA
Expl	No data

Code	NA
Expl	No data

Code	NA
Expl	No data

Code	NA
Expl	No data

Code	NA
Expl	No data

Code	NA
Expl	No data

Code	NA
Expl	No data

Code	NA
Expl	No data

Code	NA
Expl	No data

Code	NA
Expl	No data

Code	NA
Expl	No data

Code	NA
Expl	No data

Code	NA
Expl	No data

Accuracy Report:

Accuracy Assessment:

Coverage:

Methods:

Data Table


Data:	https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/1113/3/61d9898e36d75efb6c6fcdf052e6e284
Name:	Descriptions of sample sites
Description:	Sample site descriptions
Number of Records:	32
Number of Columns:	5

Table Structure

Object Name:

site_descriptions.csv

Size:

4080 bytes

Authentication:

1191ec64eb3f390e31ba173c1f43fa83 Calculated By MD5

Text Format:

Number of Header Lines:

Record Delimiter:

Orientation:

column

Simple Delimited:

Field Delimiter:

Table Column Descriptions

Column Name:

Reservoir

Site

Site_description

Latitude

Longitude

Definition:

Three-letter code corresponding to sampled reservoir

Sampling site within each reservoir

Description of sampling site

Site latitude

Site longitude

Storage Type:

string

float

string

float

Measurement Type:

nominal

ratio

nominal

ratio

Measurement Values Domain:

Allowed Values and Definitions

Enumerated Domain

Code Definition

Code	BVR
Definition	Beaverdam Reservoir
Source

Code Definition

Code	CCR
Definition	Carvins Cove Reservoir
Source

Code Definition

Code	FCR
Definition	Falling Creek Reservoir
Source

Unit	dimensionless
Type	real
Min	7
Max	50.9

Definition

Description of sampling site

Unit	degree
Type	real
Min	37.0443528070071
Max	37.4071

Unit	degree
Type	real
Min	-80.8632991493157
Max	-79.8159

Missing Value Code:

Code	NA
Expl	value is missing

Code	NA
Expl	value is missing

Code	NA
Expl	value is missing

Code	NA
Expl	value is missing

Accuracy Report:

Accuracy Assessment:

Coverage:

Methods:

Non-Categorized Data Resource

Name:

QAQC script

Entity Type:

unknown

Description:

High-level QAQC script used to process data from 2018-2023 - references scripts in helper_scripts.zip

Physical Structure Description:

Object Name:

CTD_QAQC_2018_2023.R

Size:

2795 bytes

Authentication:

3946f12cd9f39831589fdbda2d6c9064 Calculated By MD5

Externally Defined Format:

Format Name:

text/plain

Data:

https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/1113/3/a65dba6f6a1fd20378368bdf11b40b6c

Non-Categorized Data Resource

Name:

Helper scripts

Entity Type:

unknown

Description:

Scripts used to compile casts and apply QAQC, as referenced by CTD_QAQC_2018_2023.R

Physical Structure Description:

Object Name:

helper_scripts.zip

Size:

13059 bytes

Authentication:

3deb90f77b78e7f2141ec8d2f99429ac Calculated By MD5

Externally Defined Format:

Format Name:

application/zip

Data:

https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/1113/3/aac087d856710a8dc224d49914dd9ae4

Data Package Usage Rights

This information is released under the Creative Commons license - Attribution - CC BY (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). The consumer of these data (\"Data User\" herein) is required to cite it appropriately in any publication that results from its use. The Data User should realize that these data may be actively used by others for ongoing research and that coordination may be necessary to prevent duplicate publication. The Data User is urged to contact the authors of these data if any questions about methodology or results occur. Where appropriate, the Data User is encouraged to consider collaboration or co-authorship with the authors. The Data User should realize that misinterpretation of data may occur if used out of context of the original study. While substantial efforts are made to ensure the accuracy of data and associated documentation, complete accuracy of data sets cannot be guaranteed. All data are made available \"as is.\" The Data User should be aware, however, that data are updated periodically and it is the responsibility of the Data User to check for new versions of the data. The data authors and the repository where these data were obtained shall not be liable for damages resulting from any use or misinterpretation of the data. Thank you.

Keywords

By Thesaurus:
carey lab	Carey Lab, Virginia Tech, Oxidation-reduction potential, phycocyanin, phycoerythrin, Descent rate, Western Virginia Water Authority, Falling Creek Reservoir, Beaverdam Reservoir, Carvins Cove Reservoir, Spring Hollow Reservoir, Gatewood Reservoir, FCR, CCR, BVR, GWR, SHR, Virginia Reservoirs LTREB, LTREB, CTD, Virginia Reservoirs
cuahsi	Lake, Reservoir, High-frequency Sensors, Colored dissolved organic matter
lter	water temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Conductivity, Specific conductance, Chlorophyll a, Turbidity, pH, Photosynthetic active radiation

Methods and Protocols

These methods, instrumentation and/or protocols apply to all data in this dataset:

Methods and protocols used in the collection of this data package

Description:

Depth profiles of multiple water quality variables were collected from 2013 through 2023 using two Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth (CTD) profilers from SeaBird Electronics (SBE, Bellevue Washington, USA).

Measurements were taken at multiple sites in five reservoirs. Beaverdam Reservoir, Carvins Cove Reservoir, and Falling Creek Reservoir were sampled every year in the dataset (2013-2023); Spring Hollow Reservoir was only sampled 2013-2017 and 2019; and Gatewood Reservoir was only sampled in 2016. Within their sampling duration, profiles were collected, at minimum, monthly between May to October (usually weekly or subweekly at Beaverdam Reservoir and Falling Creek Reservoir), and bimonthly between November to April. Most CTD casts were collected from 9:00 to 15:00, however, some occasional CTD casts were collected at night. Above-surface (i.e., air) temperature and PAR are included in the dataset for 2018–2023, and are denoted with a negative depth measurement that indicates the distance above the surface of the reservoir.

The CTDs were calibrated by the manufacturer according to the standards and practices of SBE and the companies that manufactured the secondary sensors coupled to the instrument. Calibration was performed yearly (usually in December-February) for our first CTD (serial numbers 4397 and 7809), except for the 2021 and 2022 field seasons, when calibration was delayed until August 2022 due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. A second CTD (serial number 8188) was added in May 2022 and was returned for re-calibration of its turbidity and chl-a sensors in August - October 2022.

Flags indicate known or suspected issues with measured variables. We note that the Depth_m likely also includes marginal error over the course of the dataset, but this error is unquantified and unflagged. Due to the challenges of measuring pH, ORP, and turbidity in situ, we recommend caution in interpreting these data.

All casts from 2018-2022 were re-processed in the revision published in February 2024 to standardize data processing across years (see QAQC_2018_2023.R and referenced data processing scripts).

This data package includes the CTD data file (CTD_2013_2023.csv), QAQC R script (QAQC_2018_2023.R), maintenance log (CTD_Maintenance_Log.txt), visual inspection R script (CTD_visualization.R), sampling sites (site_descriptions.csv), and additional data processing scripts (update_seasonal_csvs.R, ctd_functions_automated.R, flag_seasonal_csvs.R, identify_new_files.R, process_CTD_file.R). The QAQC script processes and compiles raw .cnv files, removes outliers, and applies the maintenance log to clean the data files included in the package, sourcing functions provided in additional data processing scripts. The visual inspection script provides code for plotting the data files.

INSTRUMENTS, MANUAL, AND SERIAL NUMBERS USED BETWEEN 2013 - 2023

From 2013-2016, profiles were taken with our first CTD (serial number 4397) equipped with an SBE 43 Dissolved Oxygen sensor and an ECO FLNTU sensor for turbidity and chlorophyll. In spring 2017, this CTD had a major upgrade and received a new data recorder, pH/ORP sensor, and PAR sensor; all other sensors and pumps remained the same. As the CTD received a new motherboard with the data recorder upgrade, its serial number updated from 4397 to 7809. Thus, from 2017-2023, the serial number 7809 CTD was equipped with an SBE 43 Dissolved Oxygen sensor, an ECOFLNTU sensor for turbidity and chlorophyll, a PAR-LOG ICSW sensor for photosynthetically active radiation, and a SBE 27 pH and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) sensor.

In May 2022, we added an additional, second CTD (serial number 8188) equipped with an SBE 43 Dissolved Oxygen sensor, an ECO Triplet Scattering Fluorescence Sensor, an ECO FLNTU sensor, and a PAR-LOG ICSW sensor.

During 2022-2023, we took simultaneous profiles with the two CTDs (serial numbers 7809 and 8188) on 42 occasions across three different reservoirs: Falling Creek Reservoir (24 casts), Beaverdam Reservoir (16 casts), and Carvins Cove Reservoir (2 casts). Casts were either collected at the same time ~1 m apart or in succession in the same location. We rounded depth observations to the nearest centimeter, then matched observations from the same day, reservoir, and depth. Using the mcr package in R (Potapov et al. 2023), we used the Passing-Babcock regression (Passing and Bablok 1983) and then used the Pearson correlation to test correspondence between the sensors on the two instruments. We used bootstrapping to quantify the slope and intercept estimates with confidence intervals from the Passing-Bablock regressions (Manuilova and Schuetzenmeister 2014). Good correspondence between CTDs would yield a slope near 1 and an intercept near 0, and a 95% confidence interval that does not include these best-case values indicates a statistically significant difference. If a slope was significantly different from 1, we evaluated both the magnitude of the difference and plots of residuals vs. concentrations. If there was no clear pattern over increasing values, the correspondence was judged acceptable.

Below is a table of the comparison between the two CTDs with the statistics from the Passing-Babcock regression and the Pearson correlation coefficient for each variable measured by the instruments:

| Variable | Timing of overlap casts | Number of casts in overlap | Results of overlap comparison | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Temp_C | 2022 - 2023 | 791 | The Passing-Babcock regression slope was 1.00 (0.997-1.001), the intercept was 0.06 (-0.04 to 0.16), and the Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.996. Consequently, we judged the CTD overlap to be acceptable for water temperature. | | Turbidity_NTU | 2022 - 2023 | 809 | The Passing-Babcock regression slope was 0.96 (0.95 - 0.98), the intercept was -0.37 (-0.59 to -0.25), and the Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.833. While the slope was significantly different from 1, this difference was small. Plots of residuals showed no patterns. Consequently, we judged the CTD overlap to be acceptable for turbidity. | | SpCond_uScm | 2022 - 2023 | 790 | The Passing-Babcock regression slope was 0.98 (0.98 - 0.99), the intercept was 0.71 (0.53 to 0.87), and the Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.958. While the slope was significantly different from 1, this difference was small. Plots of residuals showed no patterns. Consequently, we judged the CTD overlap to be acceptable for specific conductivity. | | Cond_uScm | 2022 - 2023 | 790 | The Passing-Babcock regression slope was 0.98 (0.97 - 0.98), the intercept was 0.69 (0.57 to 0.87), and the Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.956. While the slope was significantly different from 1, this difference was small. Plots of residuals showed no patterns. Consequently, we judged the CTD overlap to be acceptable for conductivity. | | PAR_umolsm2s | 2022 - 2023 | 1018 | The Passing-Babcock regression slope was 0.98 (0.96 - 1.01), the intercept was -0.01 (-0.01 to -0.00), and the Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.793. Deviation between the two CTDs tended to be highest under high PAR conditions. Consequently, we judged the CTD overlap to be acceptable for PAR. | | DO percent sat | 2022 - 2023 | 426 | The Passing-Babcock regression slope was 1.11 (1.05 - 1.16), the intercept was 0.27 (0.07 to 0.39), and the Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.936. The slope significantly above 1 suggests that the new CTD (8188) measures slightly higher dissolved oxygen than the old CTD (7809). This could be due to slight fouling. Plots of residuals over concentration showed no pattern. Given the much higher slope, DO percent saturation should be interpreted with caution when comparing between CTDs. | | DO_mgL | 2022 - 2023 | 426 | The Passing-Babcock regression slope was 1.14 (1.08 - 1.18), the intercept was 0.02 (-0.01 to 0.03), and the Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.939. The slope significantly above 1 suggests that the new CTD (8188) measures slightly higher dissolved oxygen than the old CTD (7809). This could be due to slight fouling. Plots of residuals over concentration showed no pattern. Given the much higher slope, DO concentration should be interpreted with caution when comparing between CTDs. | | Chla_ugL | 2022 - 2023 | 809 | The Passing-Babcock regression slope was 0.74 (0.73 - 0.75), the intercept was -0.15 (-0.20 to -0.12), and the Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.928. The slope below 1 suggests that the new CTD (8188) measures slightly lower chlorophyll then the old CTD (7809). This could be due to the slight difference in timing and position of the casts. Given the much higher slope, chlorophyll a should be interpreted with caution when comparing between CTDs. |

The serial number of the CTD used for each profile is indicated in the column SN in published data.

Below we note changes in the CTD software, sensor versions, and provide links to the accompanying instrument manuals.

### CTD serial number 4397 ###

Seacat 19Plus V 1.6 - SERIAL NO. 4397 (2013 - 2016)

SBE 43 Dissolved Oxygen Sensor - SERIAL NO. 0434 (2013 - 2016, then transferred to CTD serial number 7809)

Wetlab ECO FLNTU sensor for turbidity and chlorophyll - SERIAL NO. 2496 (2013 - 2016, then transferred to CTD serial number 7809)

### CTD serial number 7809 ###

Sea-Bird SBE19Plus V2 - SERIAL NO. 7809 (2017 - current)

SBE 43 Dissolved Oxygen Sensor - SERIAL NO. 0434 (2013 - current)

Wetlab ECO FLNTU sensor for turbidity and chlorophyll - SERIAL NO. 2496 (2013 - current)

pH and Oxidation Reduction Potential Sensor - SERIAL NO. 0363 (2017 - current). Probe replaced in 2022

Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) Sensor - SERIAL NO. 1122 (2017 - current)

### CTD serial number 8188 ###

Sea-Bird SBE19Plus V2 - SERIAL No. 8188

SBE 43 Dissolved Oxygen Sensor - SERIAL NO. 4269 (2022 - current)

Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) Sensor - SERIAL NO. 2209 (2022 - current)

Wetlab ECO FLNTU sensor for turbidity and chlorophyll - SERIAL NO. FLNTU-7096 (2022 - current)

Wetlab ECO Triplet Scattering Fluorescence for CDOM, phycocyanin, and phycoerythrin- SERIAL NO. FL3-7350 (2022 - current)

Reference: Potapov S, Model F, Schuetzenmeister A, Manuilova E, Dufey F, Raymaekers J (2023). _mcr: Method Comparison Regression_. R package version 1.3.2, <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=mcr>.

Passing, H., and Bablok. 1983. A new biometrical procedure for testing the equality of measurements from two different analytical methods. Application of linear regression procedures for method comparison studies in clinical chemistry, Part I. Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry 21:709-720.

Additional Notes

Multiple whole-ecosystem experiments have been conducted at Falling Creek Reservoir, including intermittent operation of hypolimnetic oxygenation (HOx) and pulsed epilimnetic mixing (EM) engineering systems. We encourage you to contact the lead author of the data package for more information.

People and Organizations

Publishers:

Organization:

Environmental Data Initiative

Email Address:

info@edirepository.org

Web Address:

https://edirepository.org

Id:

https://ror.org/0330j0z60

Creators:

Individual:

Cayelan C. Carey

Organization:

Virginia Tech

Email Address:

Cayelan@vt.edu

Id:

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8835-4476

Individual:

Abigail S. L. Lewis

Organization:

Virginia Tech

Email Address:

aslewis@vt.edu

Id:

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9933-4542

Individual:

Adrienne Breef-Pilz

Organization:

Virginia Tech

Email Address:

abreefpilz@vt.edu

Id:

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6759-0063

Contacts:

Individual:

Cayelan C. Carey

Organization:

Virginia Tech

Email Address:

cayelan@vt.edu

Id:

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8835-4476

Temporal, Geographic and Taxonomic Coverage

Temporal, Geographic and/or Taxonomic information that applies to all data in this dataset:

Time Period

Begin:

2013-03-07

End:

2023-12-04

Geographic Region:

Description:

Beaverdam Reservoir is located in Vinton, Virginia, USA

Bounding Coordinates:

Northern:	37.322865	Southern:	37.311961
Western:	-79.824834	Eastern:	-79.813848

Geographic Region:

Description:

Carvins Cove Reservoir is located in Roanoke, Virginia, USA

Bounding Coordinates:

Northern:	37.409127	Southern:	37.365345
Western:	-79.978642	Eastern:	-79.944052

Geographic Region:

Description:

Falling Creek Reservoir is located in Vinton, Virginia, USA

Bounding Coordinates:

Northern:	37.309589	Southern:	37.30266
Western:	-79.839249	Eastern:	-79.836009

Geographic Region:

Description:

Gatewood Reservoir is located in Pulaski, Virginia, USA

Bounding Coordinates:

Northern:	37.054358	Southern:	37.03819
Western:	-80.89188	Eastern:	-80.858492

Geographic Region:

Description:

Spring Hollow Reservoir is located in Salem, Virginia, USA

Bounding Coordinates:

Northern:	37.231092	Southern:	37.217594
Western:	-80.179076	Eastern:	-80.170407

Project

Parent Project Information:

Title:

N/A

Personnel:

Individual:

Cayelan C. Carey

Organization:

Virginia Tech

Email Address:

cayelan@vt.edu

Id:

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8835-4476

Role:

Principal Investigator

Funding:

Western Virginia Water Authority N/A

Related Project:

Title:

Collaborative Research: Consequences of changing oxygen availability for carbon cycling in freshwater ecosystems

Personnel:

Individual:

Cayelan C. Carey

Organization:

Virginia Tech

Email Address:

cayelan@vt.edu

Id:

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8835-4476

Role:

Principal Investigator

Funding:

National Science Foundation DEB-1753639

Related Project:

Title:

Collaborative Research: CIBR: Cyberinfrastructure Enabling End-to-End Workflows for Aquatic Ecosystem Forecasting

Personnel:

Individual:

Cayelan C. Carey

Organization:

Virginia Tech

Email Address:

cayelan@vt.edu

Id:

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8835-4476

Role:

Principal Investigator

Funding:

National Science Foundation DBI-1933016

Related Project:

Title:

Collaborative Research: CIBR: Cyberinfrastructure Enabling End-to-End Workflows for Aquatic Ecosystem Forecasting

Personnel:

Individual:

Renato J. Figueiredo

Organization:

Virginia Tech

Email Address:

renato@ece.ufl.edu

Id:

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8835-4476

Role:

Principal Investigator

Funding:

National Science Foundation DBI-1933016

Related Project:

Title:

LTREB: Integrating real-time open data pipelines and forecasting to quantify ecosystem predictability at day to decadal scales

Personnel:

Individual:

Cayelan C. Carey

Organization:

Virginia Tech

Email Address:

cayelan@vt.edu

Id:

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8835-4476

Role:

Principal Investigator

Funding:

National Science Foundation DEB-2327030

Related Project:

Title:

Collaborative Research: URoL:ASC: Applying rules of life to forecast emergent behavior of phytoplankton and advance water quality management

Personnel:

Individual:

Cayelan C. Carey

Organization:

Virginia Tech

Email Address:

cayelan@vt.edu

Id:

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8835-4476

Role:

Principal Investigator

Funding:

National Science Foundation DEB-2318861

Maintenance

Maintenance:

Description:	ongoing
Frequency:

Additional Info

Additional Information:

Contributions to the 2023 revision:

CCC developed and led the reservoir monitoring program 2013-present, and oversaw CTD purchasing, use, and maintenance throughout this time. ASL developed the QAQC script, visual inspection script, and maintenance log, and contributed to fieldwork in 2023. ABP led the field crew, contributed substantially to fieldwork, maintained the instruments, and processed data in 2023.

Acknowledgments and historical contributions:

This data package has been iteratively updated over time and builds on the many historical contributions of co-authors listed in previous revisions. We thank the Western Virginia Water Authority for providing access to these sites and the Reservoir Group for contributing to fieldwork; Austin Delany for assisting with the development and maintenance of workflows and QAQC; and Kathryn Hoffman for constructive review.

Other Metadata

Additional Metadata

additionalMetadata
        |___text '\n      '
        |___element 'metadata'
        |     |___text '\n         '
        |     |___element 'unitList'
        |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___element 'unit'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'id' = 'microSiemenPerCentimeter'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'multiplierToSI' = '1.00E-04'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'name' = 'microSiemenPerCentimeter'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'parentSI' = 'siemenPerMeter'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'unitType' = 'conductance'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n               '
        |     |     |     |___element 'description'
        |     |     |     |     |___text 'Micro siemen per centimeter'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___element 'unit'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'id' = 'micromolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'multiplierToSI' = '0.0864'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'name' = 'micromolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'parentSI' = 'molePerMeterSquaredPerDay'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'unitType' = 'arealMassDensityRate'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n               '
        |     |     |     |___element 'description'
        |     |     |     |     |___text 'Micromole per meter squared per second'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___element 'unit'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'id' = 'nephelometricTurbidityUnit'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'multiplierToSI' = ''
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'name' = 'nephelometricTurbidityUnit'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'parentSI' = ''
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'unitType' = 'turbidity'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n               '
        |     |     |     |___element 'description'
        |     |     |     |     |___text 'Nephelometric turbidity unit'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___text '\n         '
        |     |___text '\n      '
        |___text '\n   '

Additional Metadata

additionalMetadata
        |___text '\n      '
        |___element 'metadata'
        |     |___text '\n         '
        |     |___element 'emlEditor'
        |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___element 'app'
        |     |     |     |___text 'EMLassemblyline'
        |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___element 'release'
        |     |     |     |___text '3.5.5'
        |     |     |___text '\n         '
        |     |___text '\n      '
        |___text '\n   '

Copyright 2024 Environmental Data Initiative. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under grants #2223103 and #2223104. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in the material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. Please contact us with questions, comments, or for technical assistance regarding this web site or the Environmental Data Initiative. Please read our privacy policy to know what information we collect about you and to understand your privacy rights.

EDI is a collaboration between the University of New Mexico and the University of Wisconsin – Madison, Center for Limnology:

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+/- Additional Metadata

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Methods and Protocols

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Maintenance

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Additional Metadata