Data Package Metadata   View Summary

Frugivoria: A trait database for birds and mammals exhibiting frugivory across contiguous Neotropical moist forests

General Information
Data Package:
Local Identifier:edi.1220.4
Title:Frugivoria: A trait database for birds and mammals exhibiting frugivory across contiguous Neotropical moist forests
Alternate Identifier:DOI PLACE HOLDER
Abstract:

Biodiversity in many areas is rapidly shifting and declining as a consequence of global change. As such, there is an urgent need for new tools and strategies to help identify, monitor, and conserve biodiversity hotspots. One way to identify these areas is by quantifying functional diversity, which measures the unique roles of species within a community and is valuable for conservation because of its relationship with ecosystem functioning. Unfortunately, the trait information required to evaluate functional diversity is often lacking and is difficult to harmonize across disparate data sources. Biodiversity hotspots are particularly lacking in this information. To address this knowledge gap, we compiled Frugivoria, a trait database containing dietary, life-history, and morphological traits as well as IUCN conservation status, for mammals and birds exhibiting frugivory, which are important for seed dispersal, an essential ecosystem service. Accompanying Frugivoria is an open workflow that harmonizes trait and taxonomic data from disparate sources and enables users to analyze traits in space. This version of Frugivoria contains mammal and bird species found in contiguous moist montane forests and adjacent moist lowland forests of Central and South America– the latter specifically focusing on the Andean states. In total, Frugivoria includes 35,073 unique trait values, including new values and harmonized values from existing databases. Frugivoria adds 11,246 new trait values (4,405 for mammals and 6,842 for birds) for a total of 1,732 bird and mammal species. These traits include observed and inferred range size, habitat specialization, body size, and sexual dimorphism. Frugivoria fills gaps in trait categories from other databases such as diet category, home range size, generation time, and longevity. In addition, Frugivoria adds newly described species not included in other databases and harmonizes species classifications among databases. Frugivoria and its workflow enables researchers to quantify relationships between traits and the environment, as well as spatial trends in functional diversity, contributing to basic knowledge and applied conservation of frugivores in this region. By harmonizing trait information from disparate sources and providing code to access species occurrence data, this open-access database fills a major knowledge gap and enables more comprehensive trait-based studies of species exhibiting frugivory in this ecologically important region.

Publication Date:2022-09-30
For more information:
Visit: DOI PLACE HOLDER

Time Period
Begin:
1924
End:
2022

People and Organizations
Contact:Gerstner, Beth E (Michigan State University) [  email ]
Creator:Gerstner, Beth E (Michigan State University)
Creator:Zarnetske, Phoebe L (Michigan State University)
Creator:Bills, Patrick (Michigan State University)

Data Entities
Data Table Name:
Lookup table: All birds
Description:
A lookup table of scientific name synonyms found in the EltonTraits database (Wilman et al. 2014) for all species of birds found in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, El Salvador, Belize, Nicaragua, Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Venezuela, and Chile. The use of this synonym list enabled correct merging between IUCN species lists and EltonTraits (code: L0_2_external_trait_database_merge.R).
Data Table Name:
Lookup table: All mammals
Description:
A lookup table of scientific name synonyms found in the EltonTraits database (Wilman et al. 2014) for all species of mammals found in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, El Salvador, Belize, Nicaragua, Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Venezuela, and Chile. The use of this synonym list enabled correct merging between IUCN species lists and EltonTraits (code: L0_2_external_trait_database_merge.R).
Data Table Name:
Frugivoria: Sources for newly added mammal traits
Description:
All sources used to acquire/fill newly added traits for mammals. Includes full citations and abbreviations used in "source" columns within the Frugivoria datasets.
Data Table Name:
Frugivoria: Sources for newly added bird traits
Description:
All sources used to acquire/fill newly added traits for birds. Includes full citations and abbreviations used in "source" columns within the Frugivoria datasets.
Data Table Name:
Frugivoria: Ancillary trait information
Description:
Frugivoria traits, their associated column name in the database, their definitions, units, and definition sources. Traits lacking a source are those general to ecology, specific to the Frugivoria dataset, or minimum and maximum values of the original trait definition. Some traits are only available for mammals (*) or only available for birds (**).
Data Table Name:
Lookup table: Mammals exhibiting frugivory
Description:
A lookup table of scientific name synonyms found in the EltonTraits database (Wilman et al. 2014) for a subset of mammals exhibiting frugivory and found in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, El Salvador, Belize, Nicaragua, Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Venezuela, and Chile. This lookup table also includes synonyms for the PanTHERIA dataset (Jones et al. 2009). In addition, there are columns included that denote whether those species are newly discovered, reclassified, or have differences in spelling among databases included here.
Data Table Name:
Lookup table: Birds exhibiting frugivory
Description:
A lookup table of scientific name synonyms found in the EltonTraits database (Wilman et al. 2014) for a subset of birds exhibiting frugivory and found in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, El Salvador, Belize, Nicaragua, Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Venezuela, and Chile. In addition, there are columns included that denote whether those species are newly discovered, reclassified, or have differences in spelling among databases included here.
Data Table Name:
Frugivoria: Mammal database
Description:
Trait data for mammals exhibiting frugivory and found in habitats designated as “Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane” and “Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland” forest by the IUCN. This dataset includes species found in regions of Central and South America - the latter specifically focusing on the Andean states. These traits include life history, morphological, ecological, and geographic traits. Each unique taxon is separated by row.
Data Table Name:
Frugivoria: Bird database
Description:
Trait data for birds exhibiting frugivory and found in habitats designated as “Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane” and “Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland” forest by the IUCN. This dataset includes species found in regions of Central and South America - the latter specifically focusing on the Andean states. These traits include life history, morphological, ecological, and geographic traits. Each unique taxon is separated by row.
Other Name:
L0_1_IUCN_species_list_subset
Description:
This script obtains the species list of birds and mammals for relevant countries from the IUCN and subsets by species habitat.
Other Name:
L0_2_external_trait_database_merge
Description:
This script merges IUCN species list subset with two external trait databases, EltonTraits (feeding and activity traits for birds and mammals) and PanTHERIA (morphological, life history and geographic traits for mammals only). To do this, trait databases had to be harmonized, meaning that differences in nomenclature had to be corrected for there to be successful merging. This is both a manual and automated process and will be time consuming for any set of taxa. This process allowed us to manually create "lookup tables" for the dataset where we list the correct names as assigned in each database.
Other Name:
L0_3_frugivore_subset
Description:
This script subsets the IUCN/EltonTraits dataset to only those species eating 10% fruit or greater. It further subsets the dataset by those species existing in tropical moist montane forest only.
Other Name:
L0_4_mammal_merge_pantheria
Description:
This script merges PanTHERIA traits into the mammal database in the same fashion as the "L0_2_external_database_merge.R" script, except for the smaller subset of mammal species.
Other Name:
L0_5_database_final_edits
Description:
This script merges IUCN range calculations into the trait database and adds a column showing taxonomic disparities. Takes database output of scripts "L0_3_frugivore_subset" for birds and "L0_4_mammal_merge_PanTHERIA" for mammals.
Other Name:
L1_frugivoria_analysis_demo
Description:
This script demonstrates ways to analyze and assess what is contained within the Frugivoria database. Uses final trait datasets that include those entered through exhaustive search of the literature and online sources.
Other Name:
L2_trait_map_fig
Description:
This script generates trait maps (mass and generation time) for birds and mammals. The final maps have a study region inset map and also a density plot showing the distribution of the trait in the dataset.
Other Name:
L2_trait_count_barplot
Description:
This script analyzes the trait composition of the database for newly added traits and creates a barplot. Also includes PanTHERIA to show how many of those overlapping traits we have filled for mammals.
Other Name:
L2_downloading_gbif_records
Description:
This script allows for downloading of occurrence records for species in a small spatial subset (Colombia and Ecuador). WKT boundaries were extracted from roughly drawn polygons around Colombia and Ecuador through the GBIF website "location" tab for searching occurrence records. This code is modified from that provided by the GBIF blog, which overcomes the issue of pulling large numbers of records through GBIF for multiple species at once (Waller & Grosjean, 2019)
Other Name:
L2_study_region_map_fig
Description:
This script creates a study area/occurrence map for birds and mammals within the Frugivoria database. The occurrence data was obtained from GBIF for all species within the database. The occurrence records for birds and mammals is overlaid on top of probability of cloud forest.
Other Name:
Frugivoria workflow diagram
Description:
Workflow diagram of Frugivoria database generation for frugivorous birds and mammals in regions of Central and South America. It is divided into three sections: (A) Trait Inputs (sources of trait information), (B) Trait table (traits and how they related to trait inputs), and (C) Observation table (which relates occurrence information that can be obtained through GBIF for each species). Each unique step of the workflow is labeled and has a corresponding R script. First, an IUCN-based species list was first downloaded for regions of interest (A1: 1) along with IUCN range maps for birds and mammals of the world was obtained (A1: 2). The species list was then subset to mammals and birds in “Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane” and “Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland” forest habitat (A1; L0_1_IUCN_species_list_subset.R). This IUCN species list was then merged with EltonTraits (Wilman et al. 2014) and species names were harmonized between databases (A2 & A3; L0_2_external_trait_database_merge.R). Once these databases were merged, they were subset to only those species eating at least 10% fruit (A4; L0_3_frugivore_subset.R). This final subset was then merged with the PanTHERIA dataset (Jones et al. 2009; A5; L0_4_mammal_merge_pantheria.R). Traits found in the literature (A6) were combined for mammals, whereas only IUCN EltonTraits and traits from the literature were combined for birds. Range size was then calculated based on the IUCN range maps (A1:2) for the A4 species subset (A7). Code to obtain observations per species is also provided and allows for spatial trait analyses (Panel C; C1; L2_downloading_gbif_records.R).
Detailed Metadata

Data Entities


Data Table

Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/1220/4/1c814c7d28285498076f6ebe2fb67655
Name:Lookup table: All birds
Description:A lookup table of scientific name synonyms found in the EltonTraits database (Wilman et al. 2014) for all species of birds found in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, El Salvador, Belize, Nicaragua, Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Venezuela, and Chile. The use of this synonym list enabled correct merging between IUCN species lists and EltonTraits (code: L0_2_external_trait_database_merge.R).
Number of Records:873
Number of Columns:2

Table Structure
Object Name:lookup_table_all_birds.csv
Size:37073 byte
Authentication:5d19e190aa8a2b20b41353319bc1cd4b Calculated By MD5
Text Format:
Number of Header Lines:1
Record Delimiter:\r\n
Orientation:column
Simple Delimited:
Field Delimiter:,
Quote Character:"

Table Column Descriptions
 IUCN_species_nameelton_species_name
Column Name:IUCN_species_name  
elton_species_name  
Definition:species name from IUCN databaseSpecies name used to extract EltonTraits information. For species with recent changes in taxonomy (e.g., species split), the original species that was split was used. New species not found in EltonTraits were assigned values of cogenerics (closest relative if phylogenies were available).
Storage Type:string  
string  
Measurement Type:nominalnominal
Measurement Values Domain:
Definitionspecies name from IUCN database
DefinitionSpecies name used to extract EltonTraits information. For species with recent changes in taxonomy (e.g., species split), the original species that was split was used. New species not found in EltonTraits were assigned values of cogenerics (closest relative if phylogenies were available).
Missing Value Code:    
Accuracy Report:    
Accuracy Assessment:    
Coverage:    
Methods:    

Data Table

Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/1220/4/140e29ffdeac84310c3e07e9a93b9fcf
Name:Lookup table: All mammals
Description:A lookup table of scientific name synonyms found in the EltonTraits database (Wilman et al. 2014) for all species of mammals found in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, El Salvador, Belize, Nicaragua, Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Venezuela, and Chile. The use of this synonym list enabled correct merging between IUCN species lists and EltonTraits (code: L0_2_external_trait_database_merge.R).
Number of Records:390
Number of Columns:2

Table Structure
Object Name:lookup_table_all_mammals.csv
Size:16108 byte
Authentication:4265dc5183316ebc06438a4671318e67 Calculated By MD5
Text Format:
Number of Header Lines:1
Record Delimiter:\r\n
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Field Delimiter:,
Quote Character:"

Table Column Descriptions
 IUCN_species_nameelton_species_name
Column Name:IUCN_species_name  
elton_species_name  
Definition:species name from IUCN databasespecies name used to extract EltonTraits information. For species with recent changes in taxonomy (e.g., species split), the original species that was split was used. New species not found in EltonTraits were assigned values of cogenerics (closest relative if phylogenies were available).
Storage Type:string  
string  
Measurement Type:nominalnominal
Measurement Values Domain:
Definitionspecies name from IUCN database
Definitionspecies name used to extract EltonTraits information. For species with recent changes in taxonomy (e.g., species split), the original species that was split was used. New species not found in EltonTraits were assigned values of cogenerics (closest relative if phylogenies were available).
Missing Value Code:    
Accuracy Report:    
Accuracy Assessment:    
Coverage:    
Methods:    

Data Table

Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/1220/4/a31672f05368bbcb88f166a8f959c857
Name:Frugivoria: Sources for newly added mammal traits
Description:All sources used to acquire/fill newly added traits for mammals. Includes full citations and abbreviations used in "source" columns within the Frugivoria datasets.
Number of Records:311
Number of Columns:3

Table Structure
Object Name:frugivoria_trait_sources_mammals_2022.csv
Size:64869 byte
Authentication:8b6168102f59c617bd0b4dc91c81d9b7 Calculated By MD5
Text Format:
Number of Header Lines:1
Record Delimiter:\r\n
Orientation:column
Simple Delimited:
Field Delimiter:,
Quote Character:"

Table Column Descriptions
 TraitFull citationIn text citation
Column Name:Trait  
Full citation  
In text citation  
Definition:Newly added or expanded trait categories included in FrugivoriaFull citation for origin of trait valuesIn text citation for trait within Frugivoria
Storage Type:string  
string  
string  
Measurement Type:nominalnominalnominal
Measurement Values Domain:
DefinitionNewly added or expanded trait categories included in Frugivoria
DefinitionFull citation for origin of trait values
DefinitionIn text citation for trait within Frugivoria
Missing Value Code:      
Accuracy Report:      
Accuracy Assessment:      
Coverage:      
Methods:      

Data Table

Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/1220/4/655382c5f780337ecd85fae8345bfb10
Name:Frugivoria: Sources for newly added bird traits
Description:All sources used to acquire/fill newly added traits for birds. Includes full citations and abbreviations used in "source" columns within the Frugivoria datasets.
Number of Records:124
Number of Columns:3

Table Structure
Object Name:frugivoria_trait_sources_birds_2022.csv
Size:25602 byte
Authentication:d9eb4b37743ceaa48a65fdfceafb6bd9 Calculated By MD5
Text Format:
Number of Header Lines:1
Record Delimiter:\r\n
Orientation:column
Simple Delimited:
Field Delimiter:,
Quote Character:"

Table Column Descriptions
 TraitFull citationIn text citation
Column Name:Trait  
Full citation  
In text citation  
Definition:Newly added or expanded trait categories included in FrugivoriaFull citation for origin of trait valuesIn text citation for trait within Frugivoria
Storage Type:string  
string  
string  
Measurement Type:nominalnominalnominal
Measurement Values Domain:
DefinitionNewly added or expanded trait categories included in Frugivoria
DefinitionFull citation for origin of trait values
DefinitionIn text citation for trait within Frugivoria
Missing Value Code:      
Accuracy Report:      
Accuracy Assessment:      
Coverage:      
Methods:      

Data Table

Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/1220/4/8f154e65cc499cdbf7b22f6f4485ab18
Name:Frugivoria: Ancillary trait information
Description:Frugivoria traits, their associated column name in the database, their definitions, units, and definition sources. Traits lacking a source are those general to ecology, specific to the Frugivoria dataset, or minimum and maximum values of the original trait definition. Some traits are only available for mammals (*) or only available for birds (**).
Number of Records:61
Number of Columns:6

Table Structure
Object Name:frugivoria_ancillary_trait_information_2022.csv
Size:31429 byte
Authentication:6a6334095eb4d372a041041b07b3c029 Calculated By MD5
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Number of Header Lines:1
Record Delimiter:\r\n
Orientation:column
Simple Delimited:
Field Delimiter:,
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Table Column Descriptions
 Grouping FeatureTraitColumn nameDescription UnitCitation
Column Name:Grouping.feature  
Trait  
Column.name  
Description  
Unit  
Citation  
Definition:Broad categories that describe features of organisms, composed of groups of related traits.Specialized trait category within the grouping featureColumn names within the Frugivoria database that fall under the trait listed in the "TraitDescription of each trait column within Frugivoria.Unit of each trait.Full citation for origin of trait definition
Storage Type:string  
string  
string  
string  
string  
string  
Measurement Type:nominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominal
Measurement Values Domain:
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
CodeEcology
DefinitionTraits related to ecology, e.g., diet, activity patterns, and habitat
Source
Code Definition
CodeGeographic
DefinitionTraits related to geography, e.g., range size, home range size, precipitation, temperature
Source
Code Definition
CodeLife history
DefinitionTraits related to life history, i.e., the timing of certain life events.
Source
Code Definition
CodeMetabolic
DefinitionTrait relating to species metabolism
Source
Code Definition
CodeMorphology
DefinitionTraits related to morphology of mammals and birds
Source
DefinitionSpecialized trait category within the grouping feature
DefinitionColumn names within the Frugivoria database that fall under the trait listed in the "Trait
DefinitionDescription of each trait column within Frugivoria.
DefinitionUnit of each trait.
DefinitionFull citation for origin of trait definition
Missing Value Code:            
Accuracy Report:            
Accuracy Assessment:            
Coverage:            
Methods:            

Data Table

Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/1220/4/f73cd1b16a4ed908dac4cf532690a12b
Name:Lookup table: Mammals exhibiting frugivory
Description:A lookup table of scientific name synonyms found in the EltonTraits database (Wilman et al. 2014) for a subset of mammals exhibiting frugivory and found in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, El Salvador, Belize, Nicaragua, Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Venezuela, and Chile. This lookup table also includes synonyms for the PanTHERIA dataset (Jones et al. 2009). In addition, there are columns included that denote whether those species are newly discovered, reclassified, or have differences in spelling among databases included here.
Number of Records:174
Number of Columns:7

Table Structure
Object Name:lookup_table_frugivore_mammal_species_1.csv
Size:13411 byte
Authentication:2b86234efa3889d80b1e8fa1dbe1d47f Calculated By MD5
Text Format:
Number of Header Lines:1
Record Delimiter:\r\n
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Simple Delimited:
Field Delimiter:,
Quote Character:"

Table Column Descriptions
 IUCN_species_nameelton_species_namePanTHERIA_species_namehabitatnew_speciesreclassifiedspelling_differences
Column Name:IUCN_species_name  
elton_species_name  
PanTHERIA_species_name  
habitat  
new_species  
reclassified  
spelling_differences  
Definition:species name from IUCN databasespecies name used to extract EltonTraits information. For species with recent changes in taxonomy (e.g., species split), the original species that was split was used. New species not found in EltonTraits were assigned values of cogenerics (closest relative if phylogenies were available). Species name used to extract PanTHERIA information. For species with recent changes in taxonomy (e.g., species split), the original species that was split was used. IUCN habitat classificationSpecies within the database that have been discovered since the publication of PanTHERIA (Jones et al. 2009) and EltonTraits (Wilman et al. 2014).Species within the database that have been reclassified since the publication of PanTHERIA (Jones et al. 2009) and EltonTraits (Wilman et al. 2014).Species within the database that have differing spellings between datasets.
Storage Type:string  
string  
string  
string  
string  
string  
string  
Measurement Type:nominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominal
Measurement Values Domain:
Definitionspecies name from IUCN database
Definitionspecies name used to extract EltonTraits information. For species with recent changes in taxonomy (e.g., species split), the original species that was split was used. New species not found in EltonTraits were assigned values of cogenerics (closest relative if phylogenies were available).
DefinitionSpecies name used to extract PanTHERIA information. For species with recent changes in taxonomy (e.g., species split), the original species that was split was used.
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Codelowland
Definitionspecies present in tropical/subtropical moist lowland habitat according to the IUCN
Source
Code Definition
Codemontane
Definitionspecies present in tropical/subtropical moist montane habitat according to the IUCN
Source
Code Definition
Codemontane & lowland
Definitionspecies present in tropical/subtropical moist montane and lowland habitat types according to the IUCN
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code1
Definitionnewly described species
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code1
Definitionreclassified species
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code1
Definitionspelling difference between databases present
Source
Missing Value Code:      
CodeNA
Explno information available
CodeNA
Explnot considered a new species
CodeNA
Explnot considered reclassified
CodeNA
Explno spelling differences detected between databases
Accuracy Report:              
Accuracy Assessment:              
Coverage:              
Methods:              

Data Table

Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/1220/4/d1f32cc55b692cfb3d614cb400797299
Name:Lookup table: Birds exhibiting frugivory
Description:A lookup table of scientific name synonyms found in the EltonTraits database (Wilman et al. 2014) for a subset of birds exhibiting frugivory and found in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, El Salvador, Belize, Nicaragua, Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Venezuela, and Chile. In addition, there are columns included that denote whether those species are newly discovered, reclassified, or have differences in spelling among databases included here.
Number of Records:193
Number of Columns:6

Table Structure
Object Name:lookup_table_frugivore_bird_species.csv
Size:11296 byte
Authentication:b39d0aacf402893693ed02c60bc30b28 Calculated By MD5
Text Format:
Number of Header Lines:1
Record Delimiter:\r\n
Orientation:column
Simple Delimited:
Field Delimiter:,
Quote Character:"

Table Column Descriptions
 IUCN_species_nameelton_species_namePanTHERIA_species_namehabitatnew_speciesreclassified
Column Name:IUCN_species_name  
elton_species_name  
habitat  
new_species  
reclassified  
spelling_difference  
Definition:species name from IUCN databasespecies name used to extract EltonTraits information. For species with recent changes in taxonomy (e.g., species split), the original species that was split was used. New species not found in EltonTraits were assigned values of cogenerics (closest relative if phylogenies were available). Species name used to extract PanTHERIA information. For species with recent changes in taxonomy (e.g., species split), the original species that was split was used. IUCN habitat classificationSpecies within the database that have been discovered since the publication of PanTHERIA (Jones et al. 2009) and EltonTraits (Wilman et al. 2014).Species within the database that have been reclassified since the publication of PanTHERIA (Jones et al. 2009) and EltonTraits (Wilman et al. 2014).
Storage Type:string  
string  
string  
string  
string  
string  
Measurement Type:nominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominal
Measurement Values Domain:
Definitionspecies name from IUCN database
Definitionspecies name used to extract EltonTraits information. For species with recent changes in taxonomy (e.g., species split), the original species that was split was used. New species not found in EltonTraits were assigned values of cogenerics (closest relative if phylogenies were available).
DefinitionSpecies name used to extract PanTHERIA information. For species with recent changes in taxonomy (e.g., species split), the original species that was split was used.
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code1
Definitionnewly described species
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code1
Definitionnew species
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code1
Definitionreclassified species
Source
Missing Value Code:      
CodeNA
Explnot considered a new species
CodeNA
Explnot considered reclassified
CodeNA
Explno spelling differences detected between databases
Accuracy Report:            
Accuracy Assessment:            
Coverage:            
Methods:            

Data Table

Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/1220/4/13f08f4c830d7050dacc63b0db6f9e5f
Name:Frugivoria: Mammal database
Description:Trait data for mammals exhibiting frugivory and found in habitats designated as “Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane” and “Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland” forest by the IUCN. This dataset includes species found in regions of Central and South America - the latter specifically focusing on the Andean states. These traits include life history, morphological, ecological, and geographic traits. Each unique taxon is separated by row.
Number of Records:599
Number of Columns:132

Table Structure
Object Name:Frugivoria_mammal_database_2022.csv
Size:485611 byte
Authentication:465b754ce906ad6bb2e78bdddf349f1a Calculated By MD5
Text Format:
Number of Header Lines:1
Record Delimiter:\r\n
Orientation:column
Simple Delimited:
Field Delimiter:,
Quote Character:"

Table Column Descriptions
 taxonidIUCN_species_namecommon_namefamilygenusspeciessubspeciesrankelton_species_nametaxonomic_disparityspecies_notesdiet_inv_ediet_vend_ediet_vect_ediet_vfish_ediet_vunk_ediet_scav_ediet_fruit_ediet_nect_ediet_seed_ediet_plant_ediet_catdiet_source_ediet_certainty_efor_strat_value_efor_strat_certainty_eactivity_nocturnal_eactivity_crepuscular_eactivity_diurnal_eactivity_source_eactivity_certainty_ebody_mass_ebody_mass_notesbody_mass_level_ebody_mass_source_emin_body_size_mmmax_body_size_mmbody_size_mmbody_size_notesbody_size_levelbody_size_sourcesexual_dimorphismsexual_dimorphism_notessexual_dimorphism_levelsexual_dimorphism_sourcemin_longevitymax_longevitylongevitylongevity_noteslongevity_levellongevity_sourcemin_home_rangemax_home_rangehome_range_sizehome_range_noteshome_range_levelhome_range_sourcehabitat_specializationhabitat_specialization_noteshabitat_specialization_sourcemin_generation_timemax_generation_timegeneration_timegeneration_time_notesgeneration_time_levelgeneration_time_sourceobserved_range_sqkminferred_range_sqkmIUCN_categoryhabitathabitat_suitability_montanehabitat_suitability_lowlandhabitat_season_montanehabitat_season_lowlandhabitat_major_importance_montanehabitat_major_importance_lowlanddate_data_obtainedfilled_byMSW05_order_pMSW05_family_pMSW05_genus_pMSW05_species_pactivity_cycle_padult_body_mass_g_padult_forearm_len_mm_padult_head_body_len_mm_page_at_eye_opening_d_page_at_first_birth_d_pbasal_met_rate_mLO2hr_pbasal_met_rate_mass_g_pdiet_breadth_pdispersal_age_d_pgestation_len_d_phabitat_breadth_phome_range_km2_phome_range_indiv_km2_pInter_birth_interval_d_plitter_size_plitters_per_year_pmax_longevity_m_pneonate_body_mass_g_pneonate_head_body_len_mm_ppopulation_density_n.km2_ppopulation_grp_size_psexual_maturity_age_d_psocial_grp_size_pteat_number_pterrestriality_ptrophic_level_pweaning_age_d_pweaning_body_mass_g_pweaning_head_body_len_mm_preferences_padult_body_mass_g_EXT_plitters_per_year_EXT_pneonate_body_mass_g_EXT_pweaning_body_mass_g_EXT_pGR_area_km2_pGR_max_lat_dd_pGR_min_lat_dd_pGR_mid_range_lat_dd_pGR_max_long_dd_pGR_min_long_dd_pGR_mid_range_long_dd_phu_pop_den_min_n.km2_phu_pop_den_mean_n.km2_phu_pop_den_5p_n.km2_phu_pop_den_change_pprecip_mean_mm_ptemp_mean_01degC_pAET_mean_mm_pPET_mean_mm_p
Column Name:taxonid  
IUCN_species_name  
common_name  
family  
genus  
species  
subspecies  
rank  
elton_species_name  
taxonomic_disparity  
species_notes  
diet_inv_e  
diet_vend_e  
diet_vect_e  
diet_vfish_e  
diet_vunk_e  
diet_scav_e  
diet_fruit_e  
diet_nect_e  
diet_seed_e  
diet_plant_e  
diet_cat  
diet_source_e  
diet_certainty_e  
for_strat_value_e  
for_strat_certainty_e  
activity_nocturnal_e  
activity_crepuscular_e  
activity_diurnal_e  
activity_source_e  
activity_certainty_e  
body_mass_e  
body_mass_notes  
body_mass_level_e  
body_mass_source_e  
min_body_size_mm  
max_body_size_mm  
body_size_mm  
body_size_notes  
body_size_level  
body_size_source  
sexual_dimorphism  
sexual_dimorphism_notes  
sexual_dimorphism_level  
sexual_dimorphism_source  
min_longevity  
max_longevity  
longevity  
longevity_notes  
longevity_level  
longevity_source  
min_home_range  
max_home_range  
home_range_size  
home_range_notes  
home_range_level  
home_range_source  
habitat_specialization  
habitat_specialization_notes  
habitat_specialization_source  
min_generation_time  
max_generation_time  
generation_time  
generation_time_notes  
generation_time_level  
generation_time_source  
observed_range_sqkm  
inferred_range_sqkm  
IUCN_category  
habitat  
habitat_suitability_montane  
habitat_suitability_lowland  
habitat_season_montane  
habitat_season_lowland  
habitat_major_importance_montane  
habitat_major_importance_lowland  
date_data_obtained  
filled_by  
MSW05_order_p  
MSW05_family_p  
MSW05_genus_p  
MSW05_species_p  
activity_cycle_p  
adult_body_mass_g_p  
adult_forearm_len_mm_p  
adult_head_body_len_mm_p  
age_at_eye_opening_d_p  
age_at_first_birth_d_p  
basal_met_rate_mLO2hr_p  
basal_met_rate_mass_g_p  
diet_breadth_p  
dispersal_age_d_p  
gestation_len_d_p  
habitat_breadth_p  
home_range_km2_p  
home_range_indiv_km2_p  
Inter_birth_interval_d_p  
litter_size_p  
litters_per_year_p  
max_longevity_m_p  
neonate_body_mass_g_p  
neonate_head_body_len_mm_p  
population_density_n.km2_p  
population_grp_size_p  
sexual_maturity_age_d_p  
social_grp_size_p  
teat_number_p  
terrestriality_p  
trophic_level_p  
weaning_age_d_p  
weaning_body_mass_g_p  
weaning_head_body_len_mm_p  
references_p  
adult_body_mass_g_EXT_p  
litters_per_year_EXT_p  
neonate_body_mass_g_EXT_p  
weaning_body_mass_g_EXT_p  
GR_area_km2_p  
GR_max_lat_dd_p  
GR_min_lat_dd_p  
GR_mid_range_lat_dd_p  
GR_max_long_dd_p  
GR_min_long_dd_p  
GR_mid_range_long_dd_p  
hu_pop_den_min_n.km2_p  
hu_pop_den_mean_n.km2_p  
hu_pop_den_5p_n.km2_p  
hu_pop_den_change_p  
precip_mean_mm_p  
temp_mean_01degC_p  
AET_mean_mm_p  
PET_mean_mm_p  
Definition:IUCN taxon IDscientific name according to IUCN databasespecies common namesfamily namegenus name species name subspecies name species designation Species name used to extract EltonTraits (Wilman et al. 2014) information. For species with recent changes in taxonomy (e.g., species split), the original species that was split was used. New species not found in EltonTraits were assigned values of cogenerics (closest relative if phylogenies were available). IUCN scientific names and names in other databases not matching; possibly due to spelling, taxonomic reclassification, or new species. notable taxonomic information % prevelence of foraging for invertebrates (see Wilman et al. 2014) % prevelence of foraging for endotherms (see Wilman et al. 2014) % prevelence of foraging for ectotherms (see Wilman et al. 2014)% prevelence of foraging for fish (see Wilman et al. 2014)% prevelence of foraging for unknown (see Wilman et al. 2014)% prevelence of scavenging (see Wilman et al. 2014)% prevelence of foraging for fruit (see Wilman et al. 2014)% prevelence of foraging for nectar (see Wilman et al. 2014)% prevelence of foraging for seeds (see Wilman et al. 2014)% prevelence of foraging for plants (see Wilman et al. 2014)Overall diet category (assigned using same method as in Wilman et al. 2014). Assigned to the dominant diet categories based on the percent makeup of diet for each species.diet sources (Wilman et al. 2014dietary relevance score reliability (Wilman et al. 2014) Assigned forest strata value (Wilman et al. 2014; original source: Nowak 1999) estimated reliability of foraging stratum assignment (Wilman et al. 2014) presence of foraging activity at nightpresence of foraging activity at dawn/dusk presence of foraging activity during daytime activity cycle sources from Wilman et al. 2014 estimated reliability of activity cycle estimates (Wilman et al. 2014) average mass of animal (Wilman et al. 2014) notable information about body mass family, genus or species level information (Wilman et al. 2014)source of body mass information (Wilman et al. 2014) Minimum body length (nose to base of tail) if range was available or there were differing values from multiple sources. Maximum body length (nose to base of tail) if range was available or there were differing values from multiple sources. Length of animal (nose to base of tail; Ansell 1969); male values when available. This value indicates the mean body size unless a range of values are available. In the latter case, this value indicates the maximum body size. notable information about body size family, genus, or species level information sources used for body size information If sexual dimorphism is present; body pattern differs between males and females Notable information about sexual dimorphism family, genus, or species level information Sources used for sexual dimorphism information Minimum longevity found if range was available or differing values from multiple sources. Maximum longevity found; if range was available or differing values from multiple sources. average lifespan; if only range is available this value indicates the maximum longevity. notable information about lifespan family, genus, or species level information sources used for longevity information Minimum area traversed by an individual in its normal activities of food gathering, mating, and caring for young (Burt 1943); if range was available or there were differing values from multiple sources. Maximum area traversed by an individual in its normal activities of food gathering, mating, and caring for young (Burt 1943); if range was available or there were differing values from multiple sources. Area traversed by an individual in its normal activities of food gathering, mating, and caring for young (Burt 1943); if only range is available, this value indicates the maximum home range size. Notable information about home range family, genus, or species level information sources used for home range information Descriptions of species habitat mention cloud forest as an important or sole component Notable information about habitat specialization Sources used for habitat specialization the minimum age of parents of the current cohort (newborn individuals) (IUCN 2012); For values from other sources, see source citation for definition. the maximum age of parents of the current cohort (newborn individuals) (IUCN 2012) ; For values from other sources, see source citation for definition. The average age of parents of the current cohort (newborn individuals) (IUCN 2012); ); if only a range is available, this value indicates the maximum generation time. For values from other sources, see source citation for definition. Notable information about generation time family, genus, or species level information Sources used for generation time Range size calculated from IUCN range maps in PostGIS and projected using a global equal-area projection; derived only from parts of the range with the presence code “Extant”. This is the range size of areas the species is known to occur. Range size calculated from IUCN range maps in PostGIS and projected using a global equal-area projection; derived from parts of the range using presence codes “Extant”, “Probably Extant” ,and “Possibly Extant”. This range size incorporates inferred areas where the species may exist and represents potentially suitable habitat rather than just the known range of the species. IUCN category for each species as of year 2020habitat category listed for species by the IUCNsuitability of habitat designated "forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane" by the IUCNsuitability of habitat designated "forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland" by the IUCNinformation on seasonality of presence in habitat designated "forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane" by the IUCN. Information only available for some species.information on seasonality of presence in habitat designated "forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland" by the IUCN. Information only available for some species.if "forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane" habitat is of major importance to species. Information only available for some speciesif "forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland" habitat is of major importance to species. Information only available for some specieseither a date or range of dates over traits for each species were queried.Name of individual that entered traits for speciesOrder classification from Wilson and Reeder (2005); refer to Jones et al. (2009) Family classification from Wilson and Reeder (2005); refer to Jones et al. (2009) Genus classification from Wilson and Reeder (2005); refer to Jones et al. (2009) Species classification from Wilson and Reeder (2005); refer to Jones et al. (2009) Activity cycle for wild populations; measures of central tendency (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) mass of adult; measures of central tendency (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Total length from elbow to wrist of adult; measures of central tendency (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Total length from tip of nose to anus or base of tail; measures of central tendency (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Age at which both eyes are fully open after birth; measures of central tendency (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Age at which females give birth to their first litter (eutherians), or their young attach to teats (metatherians) or hatch out (monotremes); measures of central tendency (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Basal metabolic rate of adult; measures of central tendency (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Mass of individual(s) from which the basal metabolic rate was taken (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) number of dietary categories eaten by each species; categories were defined as vertebrate, invertebrate, fruit, flowers/nectar/pollen, leaves/branches/bark, seeds, grass and roots/tubers; all measures of central tendency (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Age at which young permanently leave the parent, parental group, social group or any associated territories; all measures of central tendency (see Jones et al. 2009 for more details) Length of time of non-inactive fetal growth; all measures of central tendency (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Number of habitat layers used by each species. Categories were defined as above ground dwelling, aquatic, fossorial and ground dwelling; all measures of central tendency (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Size of the area within which everyday activities of individuals or groups (of any type) are typically restricted; all measures of central tendency (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Size of the area within which everyday activities of individuals are typically restricted; all measures of central tendency (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) The length of time between successive births of the same female(s) after a successful or unspecified litter; all measures of central tendency (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Number of offspring born per litter per female, either counted before birth, at birth or after birth; all measures of central tendency (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Number of litters per female per year; all measures of central tendency (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Maximum adult age measured (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Mass of live or freshly-killed specimens of infants at either a near term embryonic stage, birth, immediately after birth or up to an age of seven days after birth; all measures of central tendency (see Jones et al. 2009 for more details) Total length from tip of nose to anus or base of tail; all measures of central tendency (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Number of individuals per square kilometer; all measures of central tendency (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Number of individuals, adults or definition unspecified in a group that spends the majority of their time in a 24 hour cycle together; all measures of central tendency (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Age when individuals are first physically capable of reproducing, defined as either physically sexually mature, age at first mating or unspecified (males and females), age at first estrus or age at first pregnancy (females only), age at spermatogenesis or age at testes descent (males only), using captive, wild, provisioned, or unspecified populations; all measurers of central tendency (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Number of individuals, adults or definition unspecified in a group that spends the majority of their time in a 24 hour cycle together where there is some indication that these individuals form a social cohesive unit; all measurers of central tendency (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Total number of teats present; all measures of central tendency (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Degree of terrestriality of each species; all measures of central tendancy (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Trophic level of each species; all measures of central tendency (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Age when primary nutritional dependency on the mother ends and independent foraging begins to make a major contribution to the offspring’s energy requirements; all measures of central tendency (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Mass of live or freshly-killed specimens of weanlings; all measures of central tendency (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Total length from tip of nose to anus or base of tail of live or freshly-killed specimens of weanlings (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Index numbers referring to sources of data for each species according to the list of references given in section F of Jones et al. 2009 metadata. Body mass value estimated from adult_head_body_length value (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Litters per year estimated from Inter_birth_interval (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Neonate body mass estimated from neonatal_head_body_length (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Weaning body mass estimated from weaning_head_body_length (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Geographic range size of species based on digital maps from Sechrest (2003). Range areas were calculated using ArcGIS; projected using a global equal-area projection (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Maximum latitudinal extent of each species range calculated using a global geographic projection (decimal degrees) (see Jones et al. 2009 for details)Minimum latitudinal extent of each species range calculated using a global geographic projection (decimal degrees)(see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Median latitudinal extent of each species range calculated using a global geographic projection (decimal degrees)(see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Maximum longitudinal extent of each species range calculated using a global geographic projection (decimal degrees)(see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Minimum longitudinal extent of each species range calculated using a global geographic projection (decimal degrees)(see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Median longitudinal extent of each species range calculated using a global geographic projection (decimal degrees)(see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Minimum human population density (persons per km2) using the Gridded Population of the World (GPW) (CIESIN and CIAT 2005)(see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Mean human population density (persons per km2) using the Gridded Population of the World (GPW) (CIESIN and CIAT 2005) for 1995 (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) 5th percentile human population density (persons per km2) using the Gridded Population of the World (GPW) (CIESIN and CIAT 2005) for 1995 (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Mean rate of increase in human population density using the Gridded Population of the World (GPW) (CIESIN and CIAT 2005) for 1990 and 1995 as: (1995–1990)/1990 (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Mean monthly precipitation (mm) (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Mean monthly temperature (0.1°C) (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Mean monthly temperature (0.1°C) (see Jones et al. 2009 for details) Mean monthly PET (Potential Evapotranspiration Rate) from 1920 to 1980 (mm) calculated using the Global Resource Information Database of UNEP (see Jones et al. 2009 for details)
Storage Type:float  
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Measurement Type:rationominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratiorationominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalrationominalnominalnominalratioratiorationominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalratioratiorationominalnominalnominalratioratiorationominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalratioratiorationominalnominalnominalratiorationominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominaldateTimenominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratiorationominalnominalratioratiorationominalratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratio
Measurement Values Domain:
UnitID #
Typeinteger
Definitionscientific name according to IUCN database
Definitionspecies common names
Definitionfamily name
Definitiongenus name
Definitionspecies name
Definitionsubspecies name
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Codessp.
Definitionsubspecies
Source
DefinitionSpecies name used to extract EltonTraits (Wilman et al. 2014) information. For species with recent changes in taxonomy (e.g., species split), the original species that was split was used. New species not found in EltonTraits were assigned values of cogenerics (closest relative if phylogenies were available).
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code0
Definitionnames match between databases
Source
Code Definition
Code1
Definitionnames differ between databases
Source
Definitionnotable taxonomic information
Unitpercent
Typeinteger
Unitpercent
Typeinteger
Unitpercent
Typereal
Unitpercent
Typereal
Unitpercent
Typereal
Unitpercent
Typereal
Unitpercent
Typeinteger
Unitpercent
Typeinteger
Unitpercent
Typeinteger
Unitpercent
Typeinteger
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
CodeFruiNect
DefinitionFruits and Nectar
Source
Code Definition
CodeInvertebrate
DefinitionInvertebrates
Source
Code Definition
CodeOmnivore
Definitioncore of <= 50 in each category (Wilman et al. 2014)
Source
Code Definition
CodePlantSeed
DefinitionPlants and Seeds
Source
Code Definition
CodeVertFishScav
DefinitionVertebrates, Fish, Carrion
Source
Definitiondiet sources (Wilman et al. 2014
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
CodeABC
DefinitionHighly, reasonably or somewhat certain that the source is reliable. In some cases the estimate may come from a specific congeneric species that is expert-judged to be ecologically very similar.
Source
Code Definition
CodeD1
DefinitionSpecies-level information missing and value is that typical for genus (D1)
Source
Code Definition
CodeD2
DefinitionSpecies-level information missing and value is that typical for family (D2)
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
CodeA
Definitionaeriel
Source
Code Definition
CodeAr
Definitionarboreal
Source
Code Definition
CodeG
Definitionground level, including aquatic foraging
Source
Code Definition
CodeS
Definitionscansorial
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
CodeA
DefinitionCertain that the source is reliable and has provided accurate foraging stratum information
Source
Code Definition
CodeB
DefinitionAssignment uncertain.
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code0
Definitionno
Source
Code Definition
Code1
Definitionyes
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code0
Definitionno
Source
Code Definition
Code1
Definitionyes
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code0
Definitionno
Source
Code Definition
Code1
Definitionyes
Source
Definitionactivity cycle sources from Wilman et al. 2014
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
CodeABC
DefinitionHighly, reasonably or somewhat certain that the source is reliable. In some cases the estimate may come from a specific congeneric species that is expert-judged to be ecologically very similar.
Source
Code Definition
CodeD1
DefinitionSpecies-level information missing and value is that typical for genus
Source
Code Definition
CodeD2
DefinitionSpecies-level information missing and value is that typical for family
Source
Unitgram
Typereal
Definitionnotable information about body mass
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code0
Definitiongenus or family level
Source
Code Definition
Code1
Definitionspecies level
Source
Code Definition
Code2
Definitionphylogenetically imputed
Source
Definitionsource of body mass information (Wilman et al. 2014)
Unitmillimeter
Typereal
Unitmillimeter
Typereal
Unitmillimeter
Typereal
Definitionnotable information about body size
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code-1
Definitionfamily level
Source
Code Definition
Code0
Definitiongenus level
Source
Code Definition
Code1
Definitionspecies level
Source
Definitionsources used for body size information
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code0
Definitionno
Source
Code Definition
Code1
Definitionyes
Source
DefinitionNotable information about sexual dimorphism
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code-1
Definitionfamily level
Source
Code Definition
Code0
Definitiongenus level
Source
Code Definition
Code1
Definitionspecies level
Source
DefinitionSources used for sexual dimorphism information
Unityears
Typereal
Unityears
Typereal
Unityears
Typereal
Definitionnotable information about lifespan
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code-1
Definitionfamily level
Source
Code Definition
Code0
Definitiongenus level
Source
Code Definition
Code1
Definitionspecies level
Source
Definitionsources used for longevity information
UnitkilometerSquared
Typereal
UnitkilometerSquared
Typereal
UnitkilometerSquared
Typereal
DefinitionNotable information about home range
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code-1
Definitionfamily level
Source
Code Definition
Code0
Definitiongenus level
Source
Code Definition
Code1
Definitionspecies level
Source
Definitionsources used for home range information
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code0
Definitionno
Source
Code Definition
Code1
Definitionyes
Source
DefinitionNotable information about habitat specialization
DefinitionSources used for habitat specialization
Unityears
Typereal
Unityears
Typereal
Unityears
Typereal
DefinitionNotable information about generation time
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code-1
Definitionfamily level
Source
Code Definition
Code0
Definitionfamily level
Source
Code Definition
Code1
Definitionspecies level
Source
DefinitionSources used for generation time
UnitkilometerSquared
Typereal
UnitkilometerSquared
Typereal
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
CodeCR
Definitioncritically endangered
Source
Code Definition
CodeDD
Definitiondata deficient
Source
Code Definition
CodeEN
Definitionendangered
Source
Code Definition
CodeLC
Definitionleast concern
Source
Code Definition
CodeNT
Definitionnear threatened
Source
Code Definition
CodeVU
Definitionvulnerable
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code1
Definitionforest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
Source
Code Definition
Code2
Definitionforest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist lowland"
Source
Code Definition
Code3
Definitionclassified as both 1 & 2
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code0
Definitionmarginal
Source
Code Definition
Code1
Definitionsuitable
Source
Code Definition
Code2
Definitionunknown
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code1
Definitionsuitable
Source
Code Definition
Code0
Definitionmarginal
Source
Code Definition
Code2
Definitionunknown
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
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DefinitionFamily classification from Wilson and Reeder (2005); refer to Jones et al. (2009)
DefinitionGenus classification from Wilson and Reeder (2005); refer to Jones et al. (2009)
DefinitionSpecies classification from Wilson and Reeder (2005); refer to Jones et al. (2009)
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Accuracy Report:                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
Accuracy Assessment:                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
Coverage:                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
Methods:                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

Data Table

Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/1220/4/f85a2c799aaa92de517f8b23f159f440
Name:Frugivoria: Bird database
Description:Trait data for birds exhibiting frugivory and found in habitats designated as “Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane” and “Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland” forest by the IUCN. This dataset includes species found in regions of Central and South America - the latter specifically focusing on the Andean states. These traits include life history, morphological, ecological, and geographic traits. Each unique taxon is separated by row.
Number of Records:1148
Number of Columns:78

Table Structure
Object Name:Frugivoria_bird_database_2022.csv
Size:502168 byte
Authentication:072f6c13fa5a4a7e2aeca23abed303b3 Calculated By MD5
Text Format:
Number of Header Lines:1
Record Delimiter:\r\n
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Table Column Descriptions
 taxonidIUCN_species_namegenusspeciescommon_nameelton_species_nametaxonomic_disparitypass_non_pass_eorder_efamily_efamily_english_ediet_inv_ediet_vend_ediet_vect_ediet_vfish_ediet_vunk_ediet_scav_ediet_fruit_ediet_nect_ediet_seed_ediet_plant_ediet_cat_ediet_source_ediet_certainty_efor_strat_waterfor_strat_ground_efor_strat_understory_efor_strat_midhigh_efor_strat_canopy_efor_strat_aerial_efor_strat_spec_levelfor_strat_source_eactivity_nocturnal_ebody_mass_ebody_mass_notesbody_mass_level_ebody_mass_source_emin_body_size_mmmax_body_size_mmbody_size_mmbody_size_notesbody_size_levelbody_size_sourcesexual_dimorphismsexual_dimorphism_notessexual_dimorphism_levelsexual_dimorphism_sourcemin_longevitymax_longevitylongevity_noteslongevitylongevity_sourcelongevity_levelmin_home_rangemax_home_rangehome_range_sizehome_range_noteshome_range_levelhome_range_sourcehabitat_specializationhabitat_specialization_noteshabitat_specialization_sourcegeneration_timegeneration_time_levelgeneration_time_notesgeneration_time_sourceIUCN_categoryhabitathabitat_suitability_montanehabitat_suitability_lowlandhabitat_season_montanehabitat_season_lowlandhabitat_major_importance_montanehabitat_major_importance_lowlandobserved_range_sqkminferred_range_sqkmdate_data_obtainedfilled_by
Column Name:taxonid  
IUCN_species_name  
genus  
species  
common_name  
elton_species_name  
taxonomic_disparity  
pass_non_pass_e  
order_e  
family_e  
family_english_e  
diet_inv_e  
diet_vend_e  
diet_vect_e  
diet_vfish_e  
diet_vunk_e  
diet_scav_e  
diet_fruit_e  
diet_nect_e  
diet_seed_e  
diet_plant_e  
diet_cat_e  
diet_source_e  
diet_certainty_e  
for_strat_water  
for_strat_ground_e  
for_strat_understory_e  
for_strat_midhigh_e  
for_strat_canopy_e  
for_strat_aerial_e  
for_strat_spec_level  
for_strat_source_e  
activity_nocturnal_e  
body_mass_e  
body_mass_notes  
body_mass_level_e  
body_mass_source_e  
min_body_size_mm  
max_body_size_mm  
body_size_mm  
body_size_notes  
body_size_level  
body_size_source  
sexual_dimorphism  
sexual_dimorphism_notes  
sexual_dimorphism_level  
sexual_dimorphism_source  
min_longevity  
max_longevity  
longevity_notes  
longevity  
longevity_source  
longevity_level  
min_home_range  
max_home_range  
home_range_size  
home_range_notes  
home_range_level  
home_range_source  
habitat_specialization  
habitat_specialization_notes  
habitat_specialization_source  
generation_time  
generation_time_level  
generation_time_notes  
generation_time_source  
IUCN_category  
habitat  
habitat_suitability_montane  
habitat_suitability_lowland  
habitat_season_montane  
habitat_season_lowland  
habitat_major_importance_montane  
habitat_major_importance_lowland  
observed_range_sqkm  
inferred_range_sqkm  
date_data_obtained  
filled_by  
Definition:IUCN taxon IDscientific name according to IUCN genus name species name from IUCN databasespecies common names Species name used to extract EltonTraits (Wilman et al. 2014) information. For species with recent changes in taxonomy (e.g., species split), the original species that was split was used. New species not found in EltonTraits were assigned values of cogenerics (closest relative if phylogenies were available). IUCN scientific names and names in other databases not matching; possibly due to spelling, taxonomic reclassification, or new species. Passeriformes or Nonpassseriformes IOCOrder IOC V2.7 Checklist Order (Wilman et al. 2014) Birdlife V3.0 Checklist Family Latin (Wilman et al. 2014) Birdlife V3.0 Checklist Family English (Wilman et al. 2014) % prevelence of foraging for invertebrates (see Wilman et al. 2014) % prevelence of foraging for endotherms (see Wilman et al. 2014) % prevelence of foraging for ectotherms (see Wilman et al. 2014) % prevelence of foraging for fish (see Wilman et al. 2014) % prevelence of foraging for unknown (see Wilman et al. 2014) % prevelence of scavenging (see Wilman et al. 2014) % prevelence of foraging for fruit (see Wilman et al. 2014) % prevelence of foraging for nectar (see Wilman et al. 2014) % prevelence of foraging for seeds (see Wilman et al. 2014) % prevelence of foraging for plants (see Wilman et al. 2014) Overall diet category; assigned to the dominant diet categories based on the percent makeup of diet for each species. diet sources from Wilman et al. 2014 Dietary relevance score reliability typical for genus (D1) or family (D2). (Wilman et al. 2014) Prevalence of foraging below in or or near water (Wilman et al. 2014) prevalence of foraging on ground (Wilman et al. 2014) Prevalence of foraging below 2m in understory (Wilman et al. 2014) Prevalence of foraging at mid to high levels in trees and high bushes (2 meters and above) (Wilman et al. 2014) Prevalence of foraging in or just above tree canopy (Wilman et al. 2014) Prevalence of foraging above any vegetation (Wilman et al. 2014) Indicates whether foraging stratum estimates are based on species-level data Source of estimates for foraging stratum; Link to RefID in Table 3 in Wilman et al. 2014 Main foraging activity at night. Source for all: Handbook of the Birds of the World (Wilman et al. 2014) average mass of animal (Wilman et al. 2014) notable information about mass family, genus or species level information (Wilman et al. 2014) source of body mass infomation (Wilman et al. 2014) Minimum body length (bill to end of tail) if range was available or there were differing values from multiple sources. Maximum body length (bill to end of tail) if range was available or there were differing values from multiple sources. Length of animal (bill to end of tail); male values when available. This value indicates the mean body size unless a range of values are available. In the latter case, this value indicates the maximum body size. notable information about body size family, genus, or species level information sources used for body size information If sexual dimorphism is present; body pattern differs between males and femalesNotable information about sexual dimorphism family, genus, or species level information family, genus, or species level information Minimum longevity found if range was available or differing values from multiple sources. Maximum longevity found if range was available or differing values from multiple sources. notable information about lifespan average lifespan; if only range is available this value indicates the maximum longevity. sources used for longevity information family, genus, or species level information Minimum area traversed by an individual in its normal activities of food gathering, mating, and caring for young (Burt 1943); if range was available or there were differing values from multiple sources. Maximum area traversed by an individual in its normal activities of food gathering, mating, and caring for young (Burt 1943); if range was available or there were differing values from multiple sources. Area traversed by an individual in its normal activities of food gathering, mating, and caring for young (Burt 1943); if only range is available, this value indicates the maximum home range size. Notable information about home range family, genus, or species level information Notable information about home range Descriptions of species habitat mention cloud forest as an important or sole component Notable information about habitat specialization Sources used for habitat specialization The average age of parents of the current cohort (newborn individuals) (IUCN 2012) ); if only a range is available, this value indicates the maximum generation time family, genus, or species level information Notable information about generation time Sources used for generation time IUCN category for each species as of year 2020 If species is categorized as 1: "forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane"; 2: "forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist lowland"; 3: classified as both 1 & 2 by IUCNsuitability of habitat designated "forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane" by the IUCNsuitability of habitat designated "forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland" by the IUCNinformation on seasonality of presence in habitat designated "forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane" by the IUCN. Information only available for some species.information on seasonality of presence in habitat designated "forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland" by the IUCN. Information only available for some species.if "forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane" habitat is of major importance to species. Information only available for some speciesif "forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland" habitat is of major importance to species. Information only available for some speciesRange size calculated from IUCN range maps in PostGIS and projected using a global equal-area projection; derived only from parts of the range with the presence code “Extant”. This is the range size of areas the species is known to occur. Range size calculated from IUCN range maps in PostGIS and projected using a global equal-area projection; derived from parts of the range using presence codes “Extant”, “Probably Extant” ,and “Possibly Extant”. This range size incorporates inferred areas where the species may exist and represents potentially suitable habitat rather than just the known range of the species. either a date or range of dates over traits for each species were queried. Name of individual that entered traits for species
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Measurement Type:rationominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratiorationominalnominalnominalratioratioratioratioratiorationominalnominalnominalrationominalnominalnominalratioratiorationominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalratiorationominalrationominalnominalratioratiorationominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalrationominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalratioratiodateTimenominal
Measurement Values Domain:
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Definitionspecies name from IUCN database
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DefinitionSpecies name used to extract EltonTraits (Wilman et al. 2014) information. For species with recent changes in taxonomy (e.g., species split), the original species that was split was used. New species not found in EltonTraits were assigned values of cogenerics (closest relative if phylogenies were available).
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DefinitionBirdlife V3.0 Checklist Family English (Wilman et al. 2014)
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Code Definition
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DefinitionInvertebrate
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Code Definition
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DefinitionOmnivore: score of <= 50 in each category
Source
Code Definition
CodePlantSeed
DefinitionPlant and Seeds
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Code Definition
CodeVertFishScav
DefinitionVertebrates, Fish, Carrion
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Definitiondiet sources from Wilman et al. 2014
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Code Definition
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Code Definition
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DefinitionSpecies-level information missing and value is that typical for genus (D1)
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Code Definition
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Source
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DefinitionSource of estimates for foraging stratum; Link to RefID in Table 3 in Wilman et al. 2014
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Code1
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Allowed Values and Definitions
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Definitiongenus level
Source
Code Definition
Code1
Definitionspecies level
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Code-1
Definitionfamily level
Source
Definitionfamily, genus, or species level information
Unityears
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Typereal
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Allowed Values and Definitions
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Code-1
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Source
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Code0
Definitiongenus level
Source
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Source
UnitkilometerSquared
Typereal
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Typereal
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Typereal
DefinitionNotable information about home range
Allowed Values and Definitions
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Source
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Definitioncritically endangered
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Definitionendangered
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Definitionleast concern
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Definitionnear threatened
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Definitionvulnerable
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DefinitionName of individual that entered traits for species
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Accuracy Report:                                                                                                                                                            
Accuracy Assessment:                                                                                                                                                            
Coverage:                                                                                                                                                            
Methods:                                                                                                                                                            

Non-Categorized Data Resource

Name:L0_1_IUCN_species_list_subset
Entity Type:R
Description:This script obtains the species list of birds and mammals for relevant countries from the IUCN and subsets by species habitat.
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Non-Categorized Data Resource

Name:L0_2_external_trait_database_merge
Entity Type:R
Description:This script merges IUCN species list subset with two external trait databases, EltonTraits (feeding and activity traits for birds and mammals) and PanTHERIA (morphological, life history and geographic traits for mammals only). To do this, trait databases had to be harmonized, meaning that differences in nomenclature had to be corrected for there to be successful merging. This is both a manual and automated process and will be time consuming for any set of taxa. This process allowed us to manually create "lookup tables" for the dataset where we list the correct names as assigned in each database.
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Non-Categorized Data Resource

Name:L0_3_frugivore_subset
Entity Type:R
Description:This script subsets the IUCN/EltonTraits dataset to only those species eating 10% fruit or greater. It further subsets the dataset by those species existing in tropical moist montane forest only.
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Non-Categorized Data Resource

Name:L0_4_mammal_merge_pantheria
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Description: This script merges PanTHERIA traits into the mammal database in the same fashion as the "L0_2_external_database_merge.R" script, except for the smaller subset of mammal species.
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Non-Categorized Data Resource

Name:L0_5_database_final_edits
Entity Type:R
Description:This script merges IUCN range calculations into the trait database and adds a column showing taxonomic disparities. Takes database output of scripts "L0_3_frugivore_subset" for birds and "L0_4_mammal_merge_PanTHERIA" for mammals.
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Non-Categorized Data Resource

Name:L1_frugivoria_analysis_demo
Entity Type:R
Description:This script demonstrates ways to analyze and assess what is contained within the Frugivoria database. Uses final trait datasets that include those entered through exhaustive search of the literature and online sources.
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Non-Categorized Data Resource

Name:L2_trait_map_fig
Entity Type:R
Description:This script generates trait maps (mass and generation time) for birds and mammals. The final maps have a study region inset map and also a density plot showing the distribution of the trait in the dataset.
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Non-Categorized Data Resource

Name:L2_trait_count_barplot
Entity Type:R
Description:This script analyzes the trait composition of the database for newly added traits and creates a barplot. Also includes PanTHERIA to show how many of those overlapping traits we have filled for mammals.
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Non-Categorized Data Resource

Name:L2_downloading_gbif_records
Entity Type:R
Description:This script allows for downloading of occurrence records for species in a small spatial subset (Colombia and Ecuador). WKT boundaries were extracted from roughly drawn polygons around Colombia and Ecuador through the GBIF website "location" tab for searching occurrence records. This code is modified from that provided by the GBIF blog, which overcomes the issue of pulling large numbers of records through GBIF for multiple species at once (Waller & Grosjean, 2019)
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Non-Categorized Data Resource

Name:L2_study_region_map_fig
Entity Type:R
Description:This script creates a study area/occurrence map for birds and mammals within the Frugivoria database. The occurrence data was obtained from GBIF for all species within the database. The occurrence records for birds and mammals is overlaid on top of probability of cloud forest.
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Non-Categorized Data Resource

Name:Frugivoria workflow diagram
Entity Type:pdf
Description:Workflow diagram of Frugivoria database generation for frugivorous birds and mammals in regions of Central and South America. It is divided into three sections: (A) Trait Inputs (sources of trait information), (B) Trait table (traits and how they related to trait inputs), and (C) Observation table (which relates occurrence information that can be obtained through GBIF for each species). Each unique step of the workflow is labeled and has a corresponding R script. First, an IUCN-based species list was first downloaded for regions of interest (A1: 1) along with IUCN range maps for birds and mammals of the world was obtained (A1: 2). The species list was then subset to mammals and birds in “Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane” and “Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland” forest habitat (A1; L0_1_IUCN_species_list_subset.R). This IUCN species list was then merged with EltonTraits (Wilman et al. 2014) and species names were harmonized between databases (A2 & A3; L0_2_external_trait_database_merge.R). Once these databases were merged, they were subset to only those species eating at least 10% fruit (A4; L0_3_frugivore_subset.R). This final subset was then merged with the PanTHERIA dataset (Jones et al. 2009; A5; L0_4_mammal_merge_pantheria.R). Traits found in the literature (A6) were combined for mammals, whereas only IUCN EltonTraits and traits from the literature were combined for birds. Range size was then calculated based on the IUCN range maps (A1:2) for the A4 species subset (A7). Code to obtain observations per species is also provided and allows for spatial trait analyses (Panel C; C1; L2_downloading_gbif_records.R).
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Data Package Usage Rights

This information is released under the Creative Commons license - Attribution - CC BY (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). The consumer of these data ("Data User" herein) is required to cite it appropriately in any publication that results from its use. The Data User should realize that these data may be actively used by others for ongoing research and that coordination may be necessary to prevent duplicate publication. The Data User is urged to contact the authors of these data if any questions about methodology or results occur. Where appropriate, the Data User is encouraged to consider collaboration or co-authorship with the authors. The Data User should realize that misinterpretation of data may occur if used out of context of the original study. While substantial efforts are made to ensure the accuracy of data and associated documentation, complete accuracy of data sets cannot be guaranteed. All data are made available "as is." The Data User should be aware, however, that data are updated periodically and it is the responsibility of the Data User to check for new versions of the data. The data authors and the repository where these data were obtained shall not be liable for damages resulting from any use or misinterpretation of the data. Thank you.

Keywords

By Thesaurus:
LTER Controlled Vocabularybiodiversity, montane
(No thesaurus)frugivore,  functional diversity, IUCN, traits, lowland, Neotropics

Methods and Protocols

These methods, instrumentation and/or protocols apply to all data in this dataset:

Methods and protocols used in the collection of this data package
Description:

Multiple steps are involved in creating the Frugivoria database that are outlined in the workflow diagram (‘Frugivoria workflow diagram’) included with this dataset. This workflow delineates each step of the database building process: obtaining species lists and existing datasets, code for extracting and harmonizing the data, subsetting to frugivores, and obtaining new traits from the literature as well as occurrence records for species. Each step in this workflow is accompanied by R scripts (R Core Team 2022) to maximize reproducibility. All data in Frugivoria are stored as comma separated data tables, and R scripts are used to convert raw data (Level 0) to harmonized data and products (Levels 1, 2). The steps to generate Frugivoria are numbered below with reference to lettered sections within the workflow diagram and specific scripts for each of those steps.

The first step involved subsetting data from the IUCN to mammals and birds in tropical moist montane and lowland forests in contiguous montane regions of Central and South America. We downloaded static trait datasets for mammals and birds, EltonTraits (Wilman et al., 2014) and PanTHERIA (Jones et al., 2009) and then used the R package ‘rredlist’ to download IUCN Red List information with an API, to obtain IUCN species lists for each country of interest (IUCN 2020). These lists were then subset to the classes “Aves” and “Mammalia” and further filtered to include only those with an IUCN habitat designation of "Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane" and "Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland" (workflow A1; L0_1_IUCN_species_list_subset.R). We then merged this IUCN based species list with EltonTraits for mammals and birds (workflow-A2; L0_2_external_trait_database_merge.R). After harmonizing and subsetting the dataset to include frugivores only (worflow-A3 & A4; L0_3_frugivore_subset.R), PanTHERIA was merged with the mammal database (workflow-A5; L0_4_mammal_merge_pantheria.R). We then filled in new traits using information from existing literature and credible online sources (workflow-A6; see ‘Sources for newly added traits’ for mammals and birds), and provided code to obtain occurrences from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF; GBIF 2021) for all species within the final database (workflow-C1; L2_downloading_gbif_records.R).

Disparities in naming conventions among the IUCN, EltonTraits (as mentioned previously), and PanTHERIA species lists led to some species not aligning correctly between databases and perpetuated the need for harmonization (workflow-A2; L0_ 2_external_trait_database_merge.R). To harmonize scientific names among databases, we first merged the final IUCN species list by scientific name with EltonTraits. We resolved conflicts in species name merges between databases by relying on IUCN naming conventions. For the species included in Frugivoria, there were name disparities for 174 mammal and 1 95 bird species in the EltonTraits database (see the “Lookup Table” data tables for name synonyms for the Frugivoria subset as well as all species of bird and mammal in our countries of interest). For mammals, we then merged our final database with PanTHERIA (Jones et al., 2009; L0_4_mammal_merge_pantheria.R) and resolved taxonomic naming issues in the same way as above, resolving the same number of species names to align with IUCN naming conventions.

Any species name disparity was set aside for manual checking of synonyms using the IUCN website, existing literature, Avibase (for birds; Lepage et al. 2014), and the Cornell Lab of Ornithology’s ‘Birds of the World’ (Billerman et al. 2022), and later appended to the dataset. New species discovered since the publication of these databases and those species that had been split (taxonomically reclassified) were assigned values of sister taxa, based on known phylogenies, or at the genus level. We have included a “taxonomic_disparity” column where a value of ‘1’ indicates differences in taxonomic nomenclature between databases for some species (L0_5_final_database_edits.R). For each database merged in Frugivoria, we have retained the original species name with a suffix ‘_e’ (EltonTraits) and ‘_p’ (PanTHERIA) as a unique column for ease of interpretation. Once all existing databases were harmonized and successfully merged, we used EltonTraits “diet_fruit” to select and retain species that had a frugivorous diet equal to or above 10%, leaving a total of 160 mammal genera (584 species and 15 subspecies) and 329 bird genera (1148 species) (workflow-A4; L0_3_frugivore_subset.R).

We then merged life-history, behavioral, and morphological traits from both EltonTraits (L0: 2_external_trait_database_merge.R) and PanTHERIA (L0: 4_mammal_merge_pantheria.R). New traits and missing traits values that did not occur in existing openly accessible trait databases were obtained by identifying missing species and traits from the IUCN database, peer reviewed literature, online reference material (see the “Sources for newly added traits” table for mammals and birds). In total, Frugivoria contains 35,073 trait inputs; 22,515 traits for mammals (4,405 newly added), and 12,558 for birds (6,842 newly added). If multiple values were found for a given species trait, we gave preference to primary literature and the most recent data source. However, if we found multiple values from recent sources, we incorporated this information into a range of values. Relevant traits have a minimum and maximum column for instances where ranges of values were presented, or different values were available from alternate yet appropriate sources. Traits with no available information for a given species were assigned to the genus level where possible and this was noted in the “*_level” column for the applicable trait. To minimize observer error within new trait data assignments for species, all new trait data records in Frugivoria were independently entered by two technicians. Any discrepancies between the two technicians were noted and reviewed by BEG and resolved by replacing the former value with that from the most accurate and reputable source.

Due to the disparate nature of methodology of data sources used to build the Frugivoria dataset, there are some overlapping traits between databases. Because of this, we retain them all here in their original form for ease of interpretation. For example, mass is measured as averages in EltonTraits (Wilman et al. 2014), and in PanTHERIA they are measures of central tendency (often using the median; Jones et al. 2009), thus the origin of these values is not the same. This is true for traits shared between EltonTraits and PanTHERIA such as activity patterns and mass, as well PanTHERIA and the data we have collected for this dataset, home range size, range size, and longevity. We use suffixes ‘_e’ (EltonTraits) and ‘_p’ (PanTHERIA) to demonstrate the source of each trait column.

Range size was the only trait included within this dataset that required explicit calculation for each species. We obtained range maps for species from the IUCN Spatial Dataset (workflow: A1:2; IUCN 2021). We then computed the range sizes in km2 using the "ST_Area" function built into PostGIS by using the geography transformation of the “shape” column within the IUCN Spatial Dataset (workflow-A7; IUCN 2021). We calculated these range sizes in two ways: 1) using presence code “Extant” and 2) using presence codes “Extant”, “Probably Extant”, and “Possibly Extant”. The latter incorporates inferred areas where the species may exist and therefore represents potentially suitable habitat rather than just the known range of the species. We then appended the resulting range sizes to the full database for those species with range information available. These ranges differ from those found in the PanTHERIA dataset for mammals, with nearly two-thirds of species having smaller ranges in our dataset calculated using the most recent data from the IUCN. These differences in range size may be due to different methodology in the estimation of species ranges (Sechrest 2003, IUCN 2021), differences in nomenclature between datasets (e.g., a species has been recently split and is species level for the IUCN range value and the sister species value in PanTHERIA), and the effects of ongoing habitat loss and changes in climate since the publication of sources used for range size in the PanTHERIA dataset (Sechrest 2003).

Finally, we provide code to extract GBIF records for species contained within this database (L2_downloading_gbif_records.R). This code is modified from that provided by the GBIF blog (Waller & Grosjean, 2019), which overcomes the issue of pulling large numbers of records through GBIF for multiple species at once. Use of this code requires a free GBIF account.

References:

Billerman, S. M., Keeney, B. K., Rodewald, P. G., and Schulenberg, T. S. (Editors) (2022). Birds of the World. Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://birdsoftheworld-org.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/bow/home

IUCN (2020). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2020. Downloaded October 2020.

IUCN (2021). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded August 2021.

GBIF.org (2021), GBIF Home Page. Available from: https://www.gbif.org

Jones, K.E., Bielby, J., Cardillo, M., Fritz, S.A., O’Dell, J., Orme, C.D.L., Safi, K., Sechrest, W., Boakes, E.H., Carbone, C., Connolly, C., Cutts, M.J., Foster, J.K., Grenyer, R., Habib, M., Plaster, C.A., Price, S.A., Rigby, E.A., Rist, J., Teacher, A., Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P., Gittleman, J.L., Mace, G.M. & Purvis, A. (2009) PanTHERIA: a species-level database of life history, ecology, and geography of extant and recently extinct mammals. Ecology, 90, 2648–2648.

Lepage, D., Vaidya, G. & Guralnick, R. (2014) Avibase – a database system for managing and organizing taxonomic concepts. ZooKeys, 420, 117–135.

R Core Team (2022). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/.

Sechrest, W. ( 2003) Global diversity, endemism and conservation of mammals. (Ph.D. Dissertation) University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia

Waller, J., & Grosjean, M. (2019). Downloading occurrences from a long list of species in R and Python [web log]. Retrieved August 30, 2022, from https://data-blog.gbif.org/post/downloading-long-species-lists-on-gbif/.

Wilman, H., Belmaker, J., Simpson, J., de la Rosa, C., Rivadeneira, M.M. & Jetz, W. (2014) EltonTraits 1.0: Species-level foraging attributes of the world’s birds and mammals. Ecology, 95, 2027–2027.

People and Organizations

Publishers:
Organization:Environmental Data Initiative
Email Address:
info@edirepository.org
Web Address:
https://edirepository.org
Id:https://ror.org/0330j0z60
Creators:
Individual: Beth E Gerstner
Organization:Michigan State University
Address:
2912 Trappers Cove Trail,
apt 1B,
Lansing, MI 48910 United States
Phone:
3474905328 (voice)
Email Address:
gerstn11@msu.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6443-3487
Individual: Phoebe L Zarnetske
Organization:Michigan State University
Email Address:
plz@msu.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6257-6951
Individual: Patrick Bills
Organization:Michigan State University
Email Address:
billspat@msu.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4235-255X
Contacts:
Individual: Beth E Gerstner
Organization:Michigan State University
Address:
2912 Trappers Cove Trail,
apt 1B,
Lansing, MI 48910 United States
Phone:
3474905328 (voice)
Email Address:
gerstn11@msu.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6443-3487

Temporal, Geographic and Taxonomic Coverage

Temporal, Geographic and/or Taxonomic information that applies to all data in this dataset:

Time Period
Begin:
1924
End:
2022
Geographic Region:
Description:The species in Frugivoria have ranges that include contiguous montane and adjacent lowland regions of Central and South America within the Neotropical realm and have the IUCN habitat designation “Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane” and/or "Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane". We included Neotropical montane species whose ranges occur in the following countries: Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, El Salvador, Belize, Nicaragua, Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Venezuela, and Chile.
Bounding Coordinates:
Northern:  32.14502Southern:  -57.53321
Western:  -117.9059Eastern:  -56.70514
Taxonomic Range:
General Coverage:Classes Mammalia and Aves
Classification:
Rank Name:Class
Rank Value:Mammalia
Taxonomic Range:
Classification:
Rank Name:Class
Rank Value:Aves

Project

Parent Project Information:

Title:Frugivoria: A trait database for frugivorous birds and mammals in Neotropical moist forest
Personnel:
Individual: Beth E Gerstner
Organization:Michigan State University
Address:
2912 Trappers Cove Trail,
apt 1B,
Lansing, MI 48910 United States
Phone:
3474905328 (voice)
Email Address:
gerstn11@msu.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6443-3487
Role:Project Lead
Individual: Phoebe L Zarnetske
Organization:Michigan State University
Email Address:
plz@msu.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6257-6951
Role:PI, Associate Professor
Individual: Patrick Bills
Organization:Michigan State University
Email Address:
billspat@msu.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4235-255X
Role:Data scientist
Additional Award Information:
Funder:NASA
Number:80NSSC19K1332
Title:NASA FINESST

Maintenance

Maintenance:
Description: <para>Data will be updated as necessary.</para>
Frequency:
Other Metadata

Additional Metadata

additionalMetadata
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        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'id' = '# of categories'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'name' = '# of categories'
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        |     |     |     |___element 'description'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n        '
        |     |     |___text '\n        '
        |     |     |___element 'unit'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'id' = '# habitat layers'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'name' = '# habitat layers'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n          '
        |     |     |     |___element 'description'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n        '
        |     |     |___text '\n        '
        |     |     |___element 'unit'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'id' = '# offspring'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'name' = '# offspring'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n          '
        |     |     |     |___element 'description'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n        '
        |     |     |___text '\n        '
        |     |     |___element 'unit'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'id' = '# litters/year'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'name' = '# litters/year'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n          '
        |     |     |     |___element 'description'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n        '
        |     |     |___text '\n        '
        |     |     |___element 'unit'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'id' = '# individuals'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'name' = '# individuals'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n          '
        |     |     |     |___element 'description'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n        '
        |     |     |___text '\n        '
        |     |     |___element 'unit'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'id' = '# teats'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'name' = '# teats'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n          '
        |     |     |     |___element 'description'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n        '
        |     |     |___text '\n        '
        |     |     |___element 'unit'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'id' = 'litters/year'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'name' = 'litters/year'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n          '
        |     |     |     |___element 'description'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n        '
        |     |     |___text '\n        '
        |     |     |___element 'unit'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'id' = 'latitude'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'name' = 'latitude'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n          '
        |     |     |     |___element 'description'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n        '
        |     |     |___text '\n        '
        |     |     |___element 'unit'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'id' = 'longitude'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'name' = 'longitude'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n          '
        |     |     |     |___element 'description'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n        '
        |     |     |___text '\n        '
        |     |     |___element 'unit'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'id' = 'person per km2'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'name' = 'person per km2'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n          '
        |     |     |     |___element 'description'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n        '
        |     |     |___text '\n        '
        |     |     |___element 'unit'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'id' = 'rate increase'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'name' = 'rate increase'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n          '
        |     |     |     |___element 'description'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n        '
        |     |     |___text '\n      '
        |     |___text '\n    '
        |___text '\n  '

Additional Metadata

additionalMetadata
        |___text '\n    '
        |___element 'metadata'
        |     |___text '\n      '
        |     |___element 'emlEditor'
        |     |        \___attribute 'app' = 'ezEML'
        |     |        \___attribute 'release' = '2022.09.28'
        |     |___text '\n    '
        |___text '\n  '

EDI is a collaboration between the University of New Mexico and the University of Wisconsin – Madison, Center for Limnology:

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