Data Package Metadata   View Summary

GOES-R Land Surface Products at AmeriFlux and NEON Eddy Covariance Tower Locations

General Information
Data Package:
Local Identifier:edi.1420.6
Title:GOES-R Land Surface Products at AmeriFlux and NEON Eddy Covariance Tower Locations
Alternate Identifier:DOI PLACE HOLDER
Abstract:

The terrestrial carbon cycle varies dynamically over short periods that can be difficult to observe. Geostationary (“weather”) satellites like the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite - R Series (GOES-R) deliver near-hemispheric imagery at a ten-minute cadence, and its Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) measures visible and near-infrared spectral bands that can be used to estimate land surface properties and carbon dioxide flux. GOES-R data are designed for real-time dissemination and are difficult to link with eddy covariance time series of land-atmosphere carbon dioxide exchange. We compiled three-year time series of GOES-R land surface attributes including visible and near-infrared reflectances, land surface temperature, and downwelling shortwave radiation (DSR) at 318 ABI fixed grid pixels containing eddy covariance towers for years 2020-2022. We demonstrate how to best combine satellite and in-situ datasets, and show how ABI attributes useful for carbon cycle science vary across space and time. By connecting observation networks that infer rapid changes to the carbon cycle, we can gain a richer understanding of the processes that control it.

Publication Date:2024-03-11
For more information:
Visit: DOI PLACE HOLDER

Time Period
Begin:
2020-01-01
End:
2022-12-31

People and Organizations
Contact:Losos, Danielle (University of Wisconsin - Madison, Associate Researcher) [  email ]
Contact:Hoffman, Sophie (University of Wisconsin - Madison, Data Scientist) [  email ]
Contact:Stoy, Paul (University of Wisconsin - Madison, Associate Professor) [  email ]
Creator:Losos, Danielle (University of Wisconsin - Madison, Associate Researcher)
Creator:Hoffman, Sophie (University of Wisconsin - Madison, Data Scientist)
Creator:Stoy, Paul (University of Wisconsin - Madison, Associate Professor)

Data Entities
Data Table Name:
GOES-R_Ameriflux_site_info
Description:
Each active AmeriFlux tower site is reported with its respective site information.
Data Table Name:
example_file
Description:
Metadata for variables present in 21-22_GOES-R_Ameriflux_datasets
Other Name:
20-22_GOES-R_Ameriflux_datasets_international
Description:
This set includes the files for 49 Ameriflux tower sites from outside the United States. See example_file.csv for example columns.
Other Name:
20-22_GOES-R_Ameriflux_datasets_NEON
Description:
This set includes the files for 39 Ameriflux tower sites belonging to the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON). See example_file.csv for example columns.
Other Name:
20-22_GOES-R_Ameriflux_datasets_A-G
Description:
This set includes the files for 71 Ameriflux tower sites with names starting with A through G. See example_file.csv for example columns.
Other Name:
20-22_GOES-R_Ameriflux_datasets_H-O
Description:
This set includes the files for 73 Ameriflux tower sites with names starting with H through O. See example_file.csv for example columns.
Other Name:
20-22_GOES-R_Ameriflux_datasets_P-W
Description:
This set includes the files for 86 Ameriflux tower sites with names starting with P through W. See example_file.csv for example columns.
Detailed Metadata

Data Entities


Data Table

Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/1420/6/92a594aa90cfc20563aa1c11a0b23f9a
Name:GOES-R_Ameriflux_site_info
Description:Each active AmeriFlux tower site is reported with its respective site information.
Number of Records:318
Number of Columns:13

Table Structure
Object Name:GOES-R_Ameriflux_site_info_v2.csv
Size:33391 byte
Authentication:9bd7f0d951ef6678d3196832f03ccec4 Calculated By MD5
Text Format:
Number of Header Lines:1
Record Delimiter:\r\n
Orientation:column
Simple Delimited:
Field Delimiter:,
Quote Character:"

Table Column Descriptions
 SITE_IDTIMEZONEView Zenith AngleView Azimuth AnglePARALLAXELEVATIONPIXEL_AREASITE_LATSITE_LONCORRECTED_LATCORRECTED_LONCLIMATE_KOEPPENVEGETATION_IGBP
Column Name:SITE_ID  
TIMEZONE  
VZA  
VAA  
PARALLAX  
ELEVATION  
PIXEL_AREA  
SITE_LAT  
SITE_LON  
CORRECTED_LAT  
CORRECTED_LON  
CLIMATE_KOEPPEN  
VEGETATION_IGBP  
Definition:Name identification of Ameriflux siteTimezone abbreviation and UTC offset from local timeAngle between the line connecting the satellite to the surface, and the tangent normal to the surfaceHorizontal angle between the line connecting the satellite to the surface and a ray from the site to polar north.Displacement of the target location as perceived by the satellite due to off-nadir VZAAmeriflux provided elevation of the siteSurface area of ABI pixel where the Ameriflux tower residesAmeriflux provided latitude of siteAmeriflux provided longitude of site.False latitude adjusted to account for parallax displacement.False longitude adjusted to account for parallax displacement.Classification that divides terrestrial climates into five major types based on seasonal precipitation and temperature patterns. Represented by the letters A, B, C, D, and E.International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP) Type 1 land cover scheme identifies 17 land cover classes (0 – 16) which includes 11 natural vegetation classes, 3 developed and mosaicked land classes, and three non-vegetated land classes
Storage Type:string  
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Measurement Type:nominalnominalratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratiorationominalnominal
Measurement Values Domain:
Definitiontext
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
CodeAST+4
DefinitionAtlantic Standard Time (UTC-4)
Source
Code Definition
CodeCST+6
DefinitionCentral Standard Time (UTC-6)
Source
Code Definition
CodeEST+5
DefinitionEastern Standard Time (UTC-5)
Source
Code Definition
CodeGMT+3
Definition(UTC-3)
Source
Code Definition
CodeMST+7
DefinitionMountain Standard Time (UTC-7)
Source
Code Definition
CodeNST+3.5
DefinitionNewfoundland Standard Time (UTC-3.5)
Source
Code Definition
CodePST+8
DefinitionPacific Standard Time (UTC-8)
Source
Unitdegree
Typereal
Unitdegree
Typereal
Unitmeter
Typereal
Unitmeter
Typereal
UnitkilometerSquared
Typereal
Unitdegree
Typereal
Min-41.88 
Max53.99 
Unitdegree
Typereal
Min-122.33 
Max-38.38 
Unitdegree
Typereal
Unitdegree
Typereal
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
CodeAf
DefinitionTropical rain forest
Source
Code Definition
CodeAm
DefinitionTropical monsoon
Source
Code Definition
CodeAw
DefinitionTropical savanna
Source
Code Definition
CodeBsh
DefinitionSteppe: very cold winter
Source
Code Definition
CodeBsk
DefinitionSteppe: warm winter
Source
Code Definition
CodeBwh
DefinitionDesert: warm winter
Source
Code Definition
CodeBwk
DefinitionDesert: very cold winter
Source
Code Definition
CodeCfa
DefinitionHumid Subtropical: mild with no dry season, hot summer
Source
Code Definition
CodeCfb
DefinitionMarine West Coast: mild with no dry season, warm summer
Source
Code Definition
CodeCsa
DefinitionMediterranean: mild with dry, hot summer
Source
Code Definition
CodeCsb
DefinitionMediterranean: mild with dry, warm summer
Source
Code Definition
CodeCwa
DefinitionHumid Subtropical: dry winter, hot summer
Source
Code Definition
CodeDfa
DefinitionHumid Continental: humid with severe winter, no dry season, hot summer
Source
Code Definition
CodeDfb
DefinitionWarm Summer Continental: significant precipitation in all seasons
Source
Code Definition
CodeDfc
DefinitionSubarctic: severe winter, no dry season, cool summer
Source
Code Definition
CodeDsa
DefinitionDry Continental: hot summer
Source
Code Definition
CodeDsb
DefinitionWarm Summer Continental: warm summer
Source
Code Definition
CodeDwb
DefinitionWarm Summer Continental: dry winters
Source
Code Definition
CodeDwd
DefinitionSubarctic: severe, very cold and dry winter, cool summer
Source
Code Definition
CodeET
DefinitionTundra
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
CodeBSV
DefinitionBarren Sparse Vegetation
Source
Code Definition
CodeCRO
DefinitionCroplands
Source
Code Definition
CodeCSH
DefinitionClosed Shrublands
Source
Code Definition
CodeCVM
DefinitionCropland/Natural Vegetation Mosaics
Source
Code Definition
CodeDBF
DefinitionDeciduous Broadleaf Forests
Source
Code Definition
CodeDNF
DefinitionDeciduous Needleleaf Forests
Source
Code Definition
CodeEBF
DefinitionEvergreen Broadleaf Forests
Source
Code Definition
CodeENF
DefinitionEvergreen Needleleaf Forests
Source
Code Definition
CodeGRA
DefinitionGrasslands
Source
Code Definition
CodeMF
DefinitionMixed Forests
Source
Code Definition
CodeOSH
DefinitionOpen Shrublands
Source
Code Definition
CodeSAV
DefinitionSavannas
Source
Code Definition
CodeURB
DefinitionUrban and Built-Up Lands
Source
Code Definition
CodeWAT
DefinitionWater Bodies
Source
Code Definition
CodeWET
DefinitionPermanent Wetlands
Source
Code Definition
CodeWSA
DefinitionWoody Savannas
Source
Missing Value Code:                      
Codenan
ExplNo official climate class provided
 
Accuracy Report:                          
Accuracy Assessment:                          
Coverage:                          
Methods:                          

Data Table

Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/1420/6/55d4f21ee222651f2107167c99a6f225
Name:example_file
Description:Metadata for variables present in 21-22_GOES-R_Ameriflux_datasets
Number of Records:1
Number of Columns:63

Table Structure
Object Name:example_file_ms.csv
Size:621 byte
Authentication:66adceaf5c388a03cde7819f8b9735e1 Calculated By MD5
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Record Delimiter:\n
Orientation:column
Simple Delimited:
Field Delimiter:,
Quote Character:"

Table Column Descriptions
 Timestamp in UTCTimestamp in local timeDay of yearSolar zenith angleSolar azimuth angleSolar positionCloud and Moisture ImageryCloud and Moisture ImageryCloud and Moisture ImageryCloud and Moisture ImageryCloud and Moisture ImageryCloud and Moisture ImageryCloud and Moisture ImageryCloud and Moisture ImageryCloud and Moisture ImageryCloud and Moisture ImageryCloud and Moisture ImageryCloud and Moisture ImageryCloud and Moisture ImageryCloud and Moisture ImageryCloud and Moisture ImageryCloud and Moisture ImageryBidirectional Reflectance Factor - Band 1 (Blue)Bidirectional Reflectance Factor - Band 2 (Red)Bidirectional Reflectance Factor - Band 3 (NIR)Bidirectional Reflectance Factor - Band 5 (Shortwave Infrared)Bidirectional Reflectance Factor - Band 6 (Shortwave Infrared)Land Surface AlbedoClear Sky MaskAerosol Optical DepthADP_aero: any aerosolsADP_smk: smoke aerosolsADP_dust: dust aerosolsLand Surface TemperatureDownward Shortwave RadiationNormalized Difference Vegetation IndexNear Infrared Reflectance of VegetationPhotosynthetically Active RadiationNIRv multiplied by PAR
Column Name:UTC_TIME  
LOCAL_TIME  
DOY  
HOUR  
SZA  
SAA  
SOLAR_POS  
CMI_C01  
DQF_C01  
CMI_C02  
DQF_C02  
CMI_C03  
DQF_C03  
CMI_C04  
DQF_C04  
CMI_C05  
DQF_C05  
CMI_C06  
DQF_C06  
CMI_C07  
DQF_C07  
CMI_C08  
DQF_C08  
CMI_C09  
DQF_C09  
CMI_C10  
DQF_C10  
CMI_C11  
DQF_C11  
CMI_C12  
DQF_C12  
CMI_C13  
DQF_C13  
CMI_C14  
DQF_C14  
CMI_C15  
DQF_C15  
CMI_C16  
DQF_C16  
BRF1  
BRF2  
BRF3  
BRF5  
BRF6  
BRF_DQF  
LSA  
LSA_DQF  
ACM  
ACM_DQF  
AOD  
AOD_DQF  
ADP_aero  
ADP_smk  
ADP_dust  
ADP_DQF  
LST  
LST_DQF  
DSR  
DSR_DQF  
NDVI  
NIRv  
PAR  
NIRvP  
Definition:The observation time in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)The observation time in local time relative to where the Ameriflux tower site is locatedJulian day from 0 to 365 (or 366 on Leap Years) based on local timestampHour of day (0 to 23) based on local timestampVertical angle between a tangent normal to the site surface and the solar rayHorizontal angle between a ray from the site to polar north and the solar rayUnique solar position defined as the sum of the solar zenith angle and solar azimuth angle.Top of Atmosphere ReflectancesData quality flags for cloud and moisture imageryTop of Atmosphere ReflectancesData quality flags for cloud and moisture imageryTop of Atmosphere ReflectancesData quality flags for cloud and moisture imageryTop of Atmosphere ReflectancesData quality flags for cloud and moisture imageryTop of Atmosphere ReflectancesData quality flags for cloud and moisture imageryTop of Atmosphere ReflectancesData quality flags for cloud and moisture imageryTop of Atmosphere ReflectancesData quality flags for cloud and moisture imageryTop of Atmosphere ReflectancesData quality flags for cloud and moisture imageryTop of Atmosphere ReflectancesData quality flags for cloud and moisture imageryTop of Atmosphere ReflectancesData quality flags for cloud and moisture imageryTop of Atmosphere ReflectancesData quality flags for cloud and moisture imageryTop of Atmosphere ReflectancesData quality flags for cloud and moisture imageryTop of Atmosphere ReflectancesData quality flags for cloud and moisture imageryTop of Atmosphere ReflectancesData quality flags for cloud and moisture imageryTop of Atmosphere ReflectancesData quality flags for cloud and moisture imageryTop of Atmosphere ReflectancesData quality flags for cloud and moisture imageryRatio between outgoing radiance at one given direction and incoming radiance at another given direction (same or different from the incoming direction).Ratio between outgoing radiance at one given direction and incoming radiance at another given direction (same or different from the incoming direction).Ratio between outgoing radiance at one given direction and incoming radiance at another given direction (same or different from the incoming direction).Ratio between outgoing radiance at one given direction and incoming radiance at another given direction (same or different from the incoming direction).Ratio between outgoing radiance at one given direction and incoming radiance at another given direction (same or different from the incoming direction).Data quality flags for bidirectional reflectance factorRatio between outgoing and incoming irradiance at the earth surface.Data quality flags for land surface albedoBinary mask indicating a medium or high probability of cloud in the pixelData quality flags for clear sky maskThe extinction of solar radiation due to atmospheric aerosols at a wavelength of 550 nmData quality flags for aerosol optical depthBinary mask that signals the presence of certain aerosols in the pixelBinary mask that signals the presence of certain aerosols in the pixelBinary mask that signals the presence of certain aerosols in the pixelData quality flags for aerosol detection productInstantaneous land surface skin temperatureData quality flags for land surface temperatureInstantaneous total shortwave irradiance (flux) received at the Earth’s surface integrated over the 0.2 to 4.0 um wavelength intervalData quality flags for downward shortwave radiationNormalized difference between red and near-infrared reflectance–ABI Bands 2 and 3NDVI multiplied by near-infrared reflectance– ABI Band 3Approximated by multiplying DSR by 0.45NIRv multiplied by incoming sunlight (PAR)
Storage Type:     float  
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float  
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float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
Measurement Type:dateTimedateTimeratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratio
Measurement Values Domain:
FormatYYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss.sss
Precision
FormatYYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss.sss
Precision
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Min
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Unithour
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UnitDimensionless quantity (0 or 1)
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UnitDimensionless quantity (0 or 1)
Typereal
UnitUnitless
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Unitkelvin
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UnitUnitless
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UnitwattPerMeterSquared
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UnitUnitless factor from -1 to 1
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UnitUnitless factor from -1 to 1
Typereal
UnitwattPerMeterSquared
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UnitwattPerMeterSquared
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Missing Value Code:                                                                                                                              
Accuracy Report:                                                                                                                              
Accuracy Assessment:                                                                                                                              
Coverage:                                                                                                                              
Methods:                                                                                                                              

Non-Categorized Data Resource

Name:20-22_GOES-R_Ameriflux_datasets_international
Entity Type:zip
Description:This set includes the files for 49 Ameriflux tower sites from outside the United States. See example_file.csv for example columns.
Physical Structure Description:
Object Name:20-22_GOES-R_Ameriflux_datasets_international.zip
Size:352313316 byte
Authentication:e9ec0fa19f36e3593264965117c9d4a5 Calculated By MD5
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Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/1420/6/ddd74b6550341db075d3dea205459c98

Non-Categorized Data Resource

Name:20-22_GOES-R_Ameriflux_datasets_NEON
Entity Type:zip
Description:This set includes the files for 39 Ameriflux tower sites belonging to the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON). See example_file.csv for example columns.
Physical Structure Description:
Object Name:20-22_GOES-R_Ameriflux_datasets_NEON.zip
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Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/1420/6/123a6920001f1e7ac7b157bc5eb26d39

Non-Categorized Data Resource

Name:20-22_GOES-R_Ameriflux_datasets_A-G
Entity Type:zip
Description:This set includes the files for 71 Ameriflux tower sites with names starting with A through G. See example_file.csv for example columns.
Physical Structure Description:
Object Name:20-22_GOES-R_Ameriflux_datasets_A-G.zip
Size:517616026 byte
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Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/1420/6/7ba5e37929edf40b98842275efa6aece

Non-Categorized Data Resource

Name:20-22_GOES-R_Ameriflux_datasets_H-O
Entity Type:zip
Description:This set includes the files for 73 Ameriflux tower sites with names starting with H through O. See example_file.csv for example columns.
Physical Structure Description:
Object Name:20-22_GOES-R_Ameriflux_datasets_H-O.zip
Size:530139043 byte
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Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/1420/6/ab542b49f6e9d2590a89180cb650d836

Non-Categorized Data Resource

Name:20-22_GOES-R_Ameriflux_datasets_P-W
Entity Type:zip
Description:This set includes the files for 86 Ameriflux tower sites with names starting with P through W. See example_file.csv for example columns.
Physical Structure Description:
Object Name:20-22_GOES-R_Ameriflux_datasets_P-W.zip
Size:628534300 byte
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Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/1420/6/23ea9b29199d2f59050f6b8d3faa802b

Data Package Usage Rights

This data package is released to the "public domain" under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 "No Rights Reserved" (see: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). It is considered professional etiquette to provide attribution of the original work if this data package is shared in whole or by individual components. A generic citation is provided for this data package on the website https://portal.edirepository.org (herein "website") in the summary metadata page. Communication (and collaboration) with the creators of this data package is recommended to prevent duplicate research or publication. This data package (and its components) is made available "as is" and with no warranty of accuracy or fitness for use. The creators of this data package and the website shall not be liable for any damages resulting from misinterpretation or misuse of the data package or its components. Periodic updates of this data package may be available from the website. Thank you.

Keywords

By Thesaurus:
(No thesaurus)GOES-R, downwelling shortwave radiation, advanced baseline imager, geostationary satellites, surface reflectance
LTER Controlled Vocabularyeddy covariance, temporal properties, carbon cycling

Methods and Protocols

These methods, instrumentation and/or protocols apply to all data in this dataset:

Methods and protocols used in the collection of this data package
Description:

The GOES-R Series Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI)

The ABI is the primary Earth-observing sensor aboard GOES-R. The four satellite GOES-R Series began in November, 2016 with the launch of GOES-16. GOES-16 has remained in the GOES-East position ever since. GOES-17 served as GOES-West starting in 2018, however a cooling issue on its loop heat pipe caused partial loss of imagery, and it was replaced by GOES-18 in 2022. The final satellite in the GOES-R Series is scheduled to launch in 2024 after which point a new series of satellites will be launched by the GeoXO mission. GOES-East and GOES-West orbit at approximately 35,000 kilometers above the equator at 75.2 and 137.2 degrees West. Together they view most of the Western Hemisphere, from eastern Africa to Australia and from Alaska to Chile.

The ABI is a passive radiometer that scans the atmosphere, oceans, and Earth surface at sixteen discrete wavelengths ranging from visible to thermal infrared. In its current operational mode (Mode 6), the ABI produces a full disk hemispherical image every ten minutes, a CONUS (Continental United States) or PACUS (Pacific U.S.) image every five minutes, and two mesoscale images per minute. Mesoscale regions are small movable domains that can provide detailed temporal coverage of regions with heightened meteorological interest. Twelve of the sixteen ABI bands have two kilometer (km) spatial resolution at the sub-satellite point (nadir). The shortwave bands 1, 3 and 5 have one-km resolution, while band 2 has 0.5-km resolution.

Description:

ABI Fixed Grid

Due to the geostationary orbit of GOES satellites, their position and viewing geometry relative to the Earth's surface is, ideally, unchanging. The ABI fixed grid represents each spatial domain (full disk, CONUS/PACUS, and mesoscale) as a grid of ABI scan angles which describe the North/South and East/West orientation of the ABI scan mirrors for every pixel. For each spatial resolution, any two adjacent pixels have equal angular separation. In other words, scan angles remain constant across the fixed grid. However, pixel surface area increases moving away from nadir because a constant scan angle corresponds with greater distance as the earth curves away from the sub-satellite point. While a 2-km GOES-East ABI pixel is 4 km2 at nadir, the pixel area stretches to 7.2 km2 near Madison, Wisconsin and 14.3 km2 near Seattle, Washington (near the furthest extent of the L2 BRF product for GOES-16).

To accurately map eddy covariance tower locations onto the ABI fixed grid and obtain ABI observations, we needed to align the ABI and tower location information. For GOES-R Level 1b and most Level 2 products, geographic information for each data file is stored as horizontal (x) and vertical (y) scan angles. Converting tower geodetic latitude and longitude coordinates to ABI scan angle coordinates is necessary. The following Earth model constants are defined by the Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS 80) ellipsoid: the Earth’s semi-major axis (req), semi-minor axis (rpol) and eccentricity (e). The satellite’s longitude (λ0) is constant, while targets on the Earth’s surface are described by their longitude (λ), latitude (ϕ), and elevation (z). For many earth science applications, the opposite conversion – scan angles to geodetic coordinates – is necessary to geolocate pixels on the Earth surface.

ABI fixed grid products are not terrain-corrected: there is no adjustment for the off-nadir view angle of the satellite relative to surface targets. The “parallax effect” causes the satellite to perceive high-elevation targets to be displaced from their true location by a distance that increases with target’s elevation and satellite view zenith angle (VZA) . GOES satellites only have a nadir view of equatorial surface targets at the sub-satellite points (75.2 °W and 137.2 °W); all other regions require terrain-correction for proper geolocation of elevated targets. Since the present research is concerned with the eddy covariance towers at point locations, it is only necessary that the correct ABI pixel is matched with the targeted tower. The true tower location is shifted by the magnitude and direction of the parallax displacement to the location where it is perceived to be by the ABI fixed grid, before the tower is matched with an ABI pixel.

Calculating the perceived tower location takes advantage of the aforementioned conversion from tower geodetic coordinates to ABI scan angles. Typically, this conversion assumes that the geocentric distance (rc) between the center and the surface of the Earth is equal to the modeled earth radius in GRS 80. In addition, our calculation accounts for increased geocentric distance to a target above sea-level. Therefore, the eddy covariance tower site’s elevation (z) is added to rc.

Description:

ABI Level 2 (L2) Products

The ABI scans the full disk in under ten minutes, data are processed, and individual netCDF (.nc) files for each data product are made available in near-real time. Most ABI products are created every time a full-disk and CONUS scan is completed, but others currently have less frequent refresh rates, such as once per hour.

Description:

L2 Cloud and Moisture Imagery (CMI)

The CMI product provides reflectance values or brightness temperatures at sixteen ABI channels. The primary data source for this product is the Level 1b (L1b) Radiance product, measuring solar radiation (in W m−2 sr−1) at all sixteen ABI bands. We used the Multiband CMI product which resamples all 16 bands to a uniform 2 km grid, despite the higher native spatial resolutions of select bands. For the six reflective bands (Bands 1-6), radiance values are converted to a dimensionless reflectance factor ranging from 0 to 1 by multiplying by the incident Lambertian equivalent radiance.

CMI reflectances are considered top-of-atmosphere (TOA) rather than surface reflectances because they measure the total reflectance received by the satellite at the top of the atmosphere, without accounting for atmospheric scattering. For the ten emissive bands (7-16), L1b radiances are converted to brightness temperature (K) using Planck’s function. These longer wavelength measurements provide critical atmospheric and environmental context such as characterizing clouds, aerosols, fire, and snow that are of importance for terrestrial carbon cycle science.

Description:

Bidirectional Reflectance Factors (BRF)

The L2 BRF product has been an operational ABI product since August 18, 2021, and provides surface reflectances as a byproduct of the L2 LSA product. The LSA algorithm derives Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) parameters, which are used to both estimate broadband albedo and to simulate surface reflectance on cloudy days when it cannot be measured directly. Solving for BRDF parameters is accomplished by minimizing a cost function which relates TOA reflectances and AOD, both of which can be computed from ABI measurements over the course of the day as the solar zenith angle changes.

The BRF algorithm has two paths available for deriving surface reflectances, depending on whether clear-sky observations are available. The default and more accurate method, the R3 algorithm, assumes the surface is Lambertian and directly calculates surface reflectance (rs) from TOA reflectances (r) and atmospheric parameters. Transmittance (γ), path reflectance (r0), and spherical albedo (ρ) are retrieved from a look-up table which pre-calculates these parameters given viewing geometry and AOD using the radiative transfer model MODTRAN40. A back-up method is necessary for cloudy conditions where the atmospheric parameters are not available. The R2 algorithm is used to calculate surface BRF from the BRDF parameters retrieved from the prior day’s TOA reflectance measurements to model BRF throughout the day given satellite and solar viewing geometries.

Description:

Land Surface Albedo (LSA)

The Land Surface Albedo (LSA) product is produced in harmony with the BRF land surface reflectance product. Instantaneous broadband albedo is ideally derived from the clear-sky TOA reflectances and the prior day’s BRDF parameters, which in turn are estimated from aerosol optical depth, a daily stack of shortwave reflectances, and albedo climatology. The LSA product is limited by the same viewing geometry restrictions as the BRF product.

Description:

Downward Shortwave Radiation (DSR)

The DSR product measures the total instantaneous shortwave irradiance incident at the Earth’s surface integrated over visible and infrared wavelengths (0.2 to 4.0 μm). DSR consists of both direct and diffuse solar radiation, attenuated and scattered by the atmosphere, in W m−2. The DSR product is currently produced just once per hour at full disk and CONUS domains. A unique aspect of this L2 product is that DSR data is projected onto a Global Latitude and Longitude Grid, rather than the ABI Fixed Grid.

Description:

Land Surface Temperature (LST)

The Land Surface (Skin) Temperature (LST) product records the instantaneous temperature of the Earth’s surface in degrees Kelvin. The LST product can only be produced under clear-sky conditions, hence cloud-obstructed observations are masked out. Like DSR, LST is also produced just once per hour. For this reason, LST and DSR were upsampled to match the half-hourly cadence of most Ameriflux time-series and noted in the data files. Half-hourly LST and DSR values were estimated using cubic interpolation between consecutive existing LST and DSR observations. However, this interpolation is limited to instances where both observations on the hour are known; gaps where an hour or more is missing are not filled.

Description:

Clear Sky Mask

The Clear Sky Mask, also called the Cloud Mask, provides a binary image with each pixel classified as either “clear” or “cloudy”. First, the algorithm employs spectral, spatial and temporal tests on each pixel to categorize the pixel as “clear”, “probably clear”, “probably cloudy” and “cloudy.” Classifications are compared to the model outputs from the Community Radiative Transfer Model. The four-class Cloud Mask intermediate product is a critical input to many other ABI L2 product algorithms, however the four classes are condensed into a binary mask before the final product is distributed to users.

Description:

Aerosol Detection

The Aerosol Detection product consists of three separate variable layers, each of which is a binary mask representing ‘yes detection’ or ‘no detection’. The three types of aerosol detections are dust, smoke, and aerosols generally (when either dust or smoke has been detected). There are two distinct algorithm pathways for observations over land and ocean, but both begin by masking out high and optically thick clouds. Notably, an Aerosol Detection product data quality flag denotes “invalid detection due to snow_ice_clouds”, information retrieved from the GOES L2 Snow/Ice product, which can be used as a proxy for masking out snow surface cover in other products.

Description:

Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD)

The AOD product retrieves aerosol optical thickness over both land and ocean. Specifically, AOD measures the extinction of solar radiation due to atmospheric aerosols at a wavelength of 550 nm. In addition, the product provides the aerosol particle size, as represented by two Ångström exponents. The algorithm relies on instantaneous TOA reflectances, and a look-up table of atmospheric parameters precalculated using a radiative transfer model. Different ABI reflectance channels are used for the land and the ocean AOD retrievals. The AOD algorithm relies on the aerosol type characterization generated by the Aerosol Detection product.

Description:

Calculating NIRvP using GOES-R

To calculate NDVI, NIRv and NIRvP on a per-pixel basis, the three inputs required are ABI Band 2 (red) surface reflectance, ABI Band 3 (NIR) surface reflectance, and DSR, all resampled to 2-km spatial resolution. These values are retrieved from the L2 BRF and DSR products, respectively, and observations are filtered to remove poor quality observations using the corresponding data quality flags. The NDVI is the normalized difference between the red and NIR, which is multiplied by NIR to derive NIRv, and is then multiplied by photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) to derive NIRvP; both NIRv and NIRvP are strongly related to GPP. Forthcoming NOAA GOES-R product releases include a photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) product and additionally a collaborative effort ‘GeoNEX’ is working to provide global gridded PAR and DSR from multiple geostationary satellites. In the interim, we estimated PAR (in W m−2) as 0.45 times DSR; we note that this will induce a small amount of uncertainty into the final NIRvP estimate as this conversion factor varies depending on atmospheric composition and solar position.

We note that some implementations of NIRv subtract a factor, often 0.08, to account for soil reflectance. Adjustment factors can be added to the calculation based on soil characteristics of a given study region with the data provided. The flux community often uses photosynthetically active photon flux density with typical units of μmol m−2 s−1. PAR can be converted to photosynthetically active photon flux density PPFD by using a conversion factor of approximately 4.56 μmol J−1.

Data Source
GOES_ABI_LandSurfaceProduct_Downloads
Description:

Eddy covariance

The AmeriFlux network relies on the efforts of individual tower operating teams across the western hemisphere which, coupled with NEON eddy covariance towers, resulted in 318 eddy covariance towers at VZA under 70° with publicly-available data. These data are collected by the tower-operating teams or NEON, and provide half-hourly (or in rare instances hourly) sums of carbon dioxide, water, sensible heat, and/or other trace gas fluxes and half-hourly (or hourly) averages or sums of micrometeorological variables, all quality control-checked by common algorithms and organized as .csv files. These files are updated shortly after new data are uploaded to AmeriFlux or NEON, which in practice may result in delays that can extend from months to years from the time at which data were collected.

Data Source
AmeriFlux
Description:

This method step describes provenance-based metadata as specified in the LTER EML Best Practices. The source of the metadata used is the GOES-R Product Definition and Users’ Guide (PUG) Volume 5 (L2+ Products).

Data Source
GOES-R Product Definition and Users’ Guide (PUG) Volume 5 (L2+ Products)

People and Organizations

Publishers:
Organization:Environmental Data Initiative
Email Address:
info@edirepository.org
Web Address:
https://edirepository.org
Id:https://ror.org/0330j0z60
Creators:
Individual: Danielle Losos
Organization:University of Wisconsin - Madison
Position:Associate Researcher
Address:
Space Science and Engineering Center,
1225 W Dayton St,
Madison, WI 53715
Email Address:
losos@wisc.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4335-4414
Individual: Sophie Hoffman
Organization:University of Wisconsin - Madison
Position:Data Scientist
Address:
Biological Systems Engineering,
460 Henry Mall,
Madison, WI 53706
Email Address:
shoffman22@wisc.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3620-5306
Individual: Paul Stoy
Organization:University of Wisconsin - Madison
Position:Associate Professor
Address:
Biological Systems Engineering,
460 Henry Mall,
Madison, WI 53706
Email Address:
pcstoy@wisc.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6053-6232
Contacts:
Individual: Danielle Losos
Organization:University of Wisconsin - Madison
Position:Associate Researcher
Email Address:
losos@wisc.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4335-4414
Individual: Sophie Hoffman
Organization:University of Wisconsin - Madison
Position:Data Scientist
Email Address:
shoffman22@wisc.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3620-5306
Individual: Paul Stoy
Organization:University of Wisconsin - Madison
Position:Associate Professor
Email Address:
pcstoy@wisc.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6053-6232

Temporal, Geographic and Taxonomic Coverage

Temporal, Geographic and/or Taxonomic information that applies to all data in this dataset:

Time Period
Begin:
2020-01-01
End:
2022-12-31
Geographic Region:
Description:There are 318 eddy covariance tower locations from the AmeriFlux and NEON tower networks spread throughout North and South America. These sites are also contained within the GOES-16 full disk coverage. West: (0°, -156.30°) East: (0°, 6.30°) North: (81.33°, 0°) South: (-81.33°, 0°)
Bounding Coordinates:
Northern:  81.33Southern:  -81.33
Western:  -156.3Eastern:  6.3
Altitude Minimum:-53.0Altitude Maximum:3513.0

Project

Parent Project Information:

Title:GOES-R land surface products at AmeriFlux and NEON eddy covariance tower locations
Personnel:
Individual: Danielle Losos
Email Address:
losos@wisc.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4335-4414
Role:Associate Researcher
Individual: Sophie Hoffman
Email Address:
shoffman22@wisc.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3620-5306
Role:Data Scientist
Individual: Paul Stoy
Email Address:
pcstoy@wisc.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6053-6232
Role:Associate Professor
Abstract:

The purpose of the present analysis is to bridge this gap by creating time series from GOES-R data products at 318 eddy covariance tower locations from the AmeriFlux and NEON tower networks. By providing geostationary satellite data in the same format, file type, and time step as eddy covariance data, we hope that the flux community finds benefit from satellite data and the geostationary satellite community finds new ways to create products of interest to land surface science.

Maintenance

Maintenance:
Description:

The dataset will be updated in early 2024 to include GOES-R data from 2023. No further maintenance is planned.

Update* September 18th, 2023 re-upload of data tables to include: 4 more eddy covariance sites, longer temporal coverage, and more surface variables.

Frequency:otherMaintenancePeriod
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