Data Package Metadata View Summary

Adirondack Public Good Events Database - Common Pool Resources for a Social-Ecological System in Adirondack Park, New York, USA, 1760-2020.

General Information

Data Package:

Local Identifier:

edi.1542.1

Title:

Adirondack Public Good Events Database - Common Pool Resources for a Social-Ecological System in Adirondack Park, New York, USA, 1760-2020.

Alternate Identifier:

DOI PLACE HOLDER

Abstract:

I assembled this dataset from various published sources to evaluate how the social-ecological system (SES) in Adirondack Park, New York changed through time and the interplay of public goods (Common Pool Resources, CPRs), public land rules and private land rights, and related concepts over 250 years (1770-2020). The database was the basis for a doctoral dissertation titled "Blue Lining: Assessing the Resilience of Adirondack Park, New York Using Polycentricity and Panarchy Frameworks." The goal of the dissertation was to assess patterns and changes in institutional rules, actors and arrangements before and after establishment of the public Adirondack Forest Preserve in 1885 and Adirondack Park in 1892 as those actors and rules were modified and as both internal and external events influenced the SES as it moved through different phases of the adaptive cycle through space and time (see panarchy). Using the database, I identified which organizations and events contributed to natural resource and CPR policy. The dissertation can be downloaded here: https://experts.esf.edu/esploro/outputs/99917370604826.

Publication Date:

2023-12-12

For more information:
Visit:	DOI PLACE HOLDER

Time Period

Begin:

1600

End:

2020

People and Organizations
Contact:	McNulty, Stacy [ email ]
Creator:	McNulty, Stacy

Data Entities
Data Table Name:	AdkTimeline
Description:	Events database for history, policy and governance analysis

Detailed Metadata

Data Entities

Data Table


Data:	https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/1542/1/89ce949c6c2196c728963236b0be2e8e
Name:	AdkTimeline
Description:	Events database for history, policy and governance analysis
Number of Records:	3557
Number of Columns:	12

Table Structure

Object Name:

AdkTimeline.csv

Size:

1481701 byte

Authentication:

07e5e73404b8e0641d7059f81bdde3ea Calculated By MD5

Text Format:

Number of Header Lines:

Record Delimiter:

\r\n

Orientation:

column

Simple Delimited:

Field Delimiter:	,
Quote Character:	"

Table Column Descriptions

RowID

Year

Event_Description

Public, Private, Both or Transfer

WHO

WHAT

WHAT_Subject

WHAT_IAD

HOW

Scale_WHERE

KeyEvent

Source

Column Name:

RowID

Year

Event_Description

Public, Private, Both or Transfer

WHO

WHAT

WHAT_Subject

WHAT_IAD

HOW

Scale_WHERE

KeyEvent

Source

Definition:

Unique ID assigned to event

Year of event. Check Event-Description column for events that span more than one year. Note some events are circa that year, or may have conflicting or erroneous date due to original source.

description of event involving or affecting some aspect of a Common Pool Resource (CPR; See Ostrom 1990) such as timber, clean water or recreation access in Adirondack Park or northern New York. Date range: pre-European settlement to 2020, emphasis on 1770-2020.

Event involves public land/resources, private land/resources, both, or a transfer of rights/access from public to private or private to public.

Organization(s) involved in event. Only filled in for groups appearing multiple times

List of Topics of Policy Interactions between Organizations. Seventeen topics involving Adirondack Park CPRs.

Twenty-two categories of subject of event (e.g., road, railroad, water highway or dam, conference, book or report, housing, mill, newspaper, ngo admin, mining, technology, science).

Type of policy event interaction between organization, based on Ostrom's Institutional Analysis and Design. Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge University Press.

Type of event that impacts policy - natural events and social events. See Method step 4 for definitions of eleven types of policy interaction between organizations which include: Administration; Conflict; Court; Economic use/advocacy; Environmental advocacy; Information transfer; Law; Law - failed; Management; Partnership; Rule; and Rule - Failed. Column also includes eleven types of natural disasters and other crises: cold growing season, drought, flood, fire, financial crisis, forest disturbance, hard winter, hurricane/windstorm, landslide, war, and windstorm.

Geographic extent of event. Attempts were made to identify in which county or counties or watersheds the event occurred.

Key events were decisions that affected long-term Park CPR status, without which the Adirondack SES would look and operate differently today. Key events are in Appendix 2 of McNulty (2023) https://experts.esf.edu/esploro/outputs/99917370604826. Key events were selected that belonged to the Constitutional, Collective Choice or Operational levels of IAD, each of which affect Operational-scale daily management (Ostrom 1990). Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge University Press.

Article, book, website, or other source material where information was derived. May contain multiple sources separated by semicolons. Full list of references in McNulty (2023) https://experts.esf.edu/esploro/outputs/99917370604826.

Storage Type:

string

dateTime

string

Measurement Type:

nominal

dateTime

nominal

Measurement Values Domain:

Definition

text

Format	YYYY
Precision

Definition

text

Allowed Values and Definitions

Enumerated Domain

Code Definition

Code	both
Definition	public and private resources included in event
Source

Code Definition

Code	private
Definition	private resources owned by an individual or firm
Source

Code Definition

Code	private to public
Definition	transfer of rights for CPR from private to public ownership/access
Source

Code Definition

Code	public
Definition	public resources shared by multiple people/organizations or not owned by any individual or firm
Source

Code Definition

Code	public to private
Definition	transfer of rights for CPR from public to private ownership/access
Source

Code Definition

Code	N/A
Definition	not applicable
Source

Definition

text

Definition

text

Allowed Values and Definitions

Enumerated Domain

Code Definition

Code	ATV
Definition	All-terrain vehicle (ATV) recreation event
Source

Code Definition

Code	blue line
Definition	event primarily relating to current size/status or enlargement/changing of park boundary
Source

Code Definition

Code	book
Definition	release of a book that impacted or informed policy
Source

Code Definition

Code	conference
Definition	professional gathering that impacted or informed policy
Source

Code Definition

Code	EPF
Definition	Environmental Protection Fund - a pool of public money used for land protection, recreation and other public goods in New York State. See https://www.dec.ny.gov/environmental-protection/fund.
Source

Code Definition

Code	health
Definition	human health related event
Source

Code Definition

Code	housing
Definition	event involving construction of housing, often second home or resort development, that impacted policy
Source

Code Definition

Code	major windstorm
Definition	hurricane or windstorm affecting a large proportion of the Adirondack region
Source

Code Definition

Code	military flight
Definition	overflight of military aircraft causing an event affecting public goods (e.g., noise, human or wildlife stress)
Source

Code Definition

Code	mill
Definition	relating to a hydropowered mill, for sawing timber, grinding grain, or other reasons
Source

Code Definition

Code	mill, railroad
Definition	combination of railroad and mill event
Source

Code Definition

Code	mill, road
Definition	combination of mill/water and road event
Source

Code Definition

Code	mining
Definition	event involving extraction of minerals from the ground
Source

Code Definition

Code	mining, mill
Definition	combination of mining and mill/water event
Source

Code Definition

Code	municipal
Definition	relating to a town, village or hamlet-initiated event
Source

Code Definition

Code	n/a
Definition	not applicable
Source

Code Definition

Code	newspaper
Definition	a medium that impacted or informed policy (magazine, newspaper, etc.)
Source

Code Definition

Code	ngo admin
Definition	administrative action by a non-profit organization such as merging with another NGO
Source

Code Definition

Code	railroad
Definition	construction, law or other event involving railroads that impacted policy
Source

Code Definition

Code	report
Definition	release of a report that impacted or informed policy
Source

Code Definition

Code	road
Definition	event involving road construction or policy
Source

Code Definition

Code	science
Definition	event that was based in some scientific endeavor
Source

Code Definition

Code	tax sale
Definition	land bought by New York State for nonpayment of taxes
Source

Code Definition

Code	technology
Definition	event involving development of some item that impacts policy - equipment for logging or accessing new areas for example
Source

Code Definition

Code	water
Definition	involving hydropower for electricity generation, transport via river, economic reasons, or damming water for recreation, drinking water, etc.
Source

Code Definition

Code	water, railroad
Definition	combination of railroad and water event
Source

Code Definition

Code	water, road
Definition	combination of water and road event
Source

Code Definition

Code	wildlife
Definition	event involving fish and wildlife - usually game species such as white-tailed deer, sometimes involving reintroduction of vertebrates
Source

Code Definition

Code	windstorm
Definition	wind event (smaller scale or damage than major windstorm)
Source

Code Definition

Code	N/A
Definition	not applicable
Source

Code Definition

Code	.
Definition	not applicable
Source

Allowed Values and Definitions

Enumerated Domain

Code Definition

Code	aggregation
Definition	Determine how many and which actors must participate in a decision/choice
Source

Code Definition

Code	aggregation - failed
Definition	Fail to determine how many and which actors must participate in a decision/choice
Source

Code Definition

Code	boundary
Definition	Define who can hold a position, leave a position, and process for assigning positions
Source

Code Definition

Code	boundary - failed
Definition	Defining who can hold a position, leave a position, and process for assigning positions has not occurred
Source

Code Definition

Code	choice
Definition	Prescribe actions an actor must, must not, or may take
Source

Code Definition

Code	choice - failed
Definition	Event fails to prescribe actions an actor must, must not, or may take
Source

Code Definition

Code	information
Definition	Authorize channel of information flow, including who can communicate and how
Source

Code Definition

Code	information - failed
Definition	Failed to authorize channel of information flow, including who can communicate and how
Source

Code Definition

Code	payoff
Definition	Assign reward or sanction to an action or based on outcomes
Source

Code Definition

Code	position
Definition	Create a role (e.g., voter, judge, elected representative)
Source

Code Definition

Code	position - failed
Definition	Failure to create a role
Source

Code Definition

Code	scope
Definition	Define possible outcomes of a choice arena
Source

Code Definition

Code	scope - failed
Definition	Fail to define possible outcomes of a choice arena
Source

Code Definition

Code	<blank>
Definition	No IAD rule type assigned
Source

Code Definition

Code	N/A
Definition	not applicable
Source

Code Definition

Code	.
Definition	not applicable
Source

Definition

text

Allowed Values and Definitions

Enumerated Domain

Code Definition

Code	adk region
Definition	within the Adirondack Park (Blue Line) boundary, or broadly the North Country/northern NY
Source

Code Definition

Code	county
Definition	event occurred within one or more of the 12 counties of the North Country/northern NY
Source

Code Definition

Code	federal
Definition	event occurred within the United States
Source

Code Definition

Code	global
Definition	worldwide
Source

Code Definition

Code	northeast
Definition	event occurred within one or more parts of northern Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, Massachusetts, or New England generally.
Source

Code Definition

Code	state
Definition	event occurred within New York State
Source

Code Definition

Code	town
Definition	Occurred within one municipality (town, village, hamlet) in the Adirondack Park
Source

Code Definition

Code	N/A
Definition	not applicable
Source

Allowed Values and Definitions

Enumerated Domain

Code Definition

Code	yes
Definition	key event
Source

Definition

text

Missing Value Code:

Code	n/a
Expl	Not applicable for this event

Code	n/a
Expl	Not applicable for this event
Code	<blank>
Expl	No data

Code	n/a
Expl	Not applicable for this event
Code	.
Expl	Not applicable for this event

Code	n/a
Expl	Not applicable for this event

Code	blank
Expl	No rule assigned

Code	n/a
Expl	Not applicable for this event

Code	n/a
Expl	Not applicable for this event

Code	blank
Expl	No source

Accuracy Report:

Accuracy Assessment:

Coverage:

Methods:

Data Package Usage Rights

This information is released under the Creative Commons license - Attribution - CC BY (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). The consumer of these data ("Data User" herein) is required to cite it appropriately in any publication that results from its use. The Data User should realize that these data may be actively used by others for ongoing research and that coordination may be necessary to prevent duplicate publication. The Data User is urged to contact the authors of these data if any questions about methodology or results occur. Where appropriate, the Data User is encouraged to consider collaboration or co-authorship with the authors. The Data User should realize that misinterpretation of data may occur if used out of context of the original study. While substantial efforts are made to ensure the accuracy of data and associated documentation, complete accuracy of data sets cannot be guaranteed. All data are made available "as is." The Data User should be aware, however, that data are updated periodically and it is the responsibility of the Data User to check for new versions of the data. The data authors and the repository where these data were obtained shall not be liable for damages resulting from any use or misinterpretation of the data. Thank you.

Keywords

By Thesaurus:
(No thesaurus)	Adirondack Park, New York State, Common Pool Resource (CPR) theory, public land management, private land rights, environmental conservation, social ecological system, natural resource governance, historical ecology, participatory governance, policy
LTER Controlled Vocabulary	historical value, diversity, ecosystems, temporal properties, boreal forests, terrestrial ecosystems, forests, watersheds, spatial properties

Methods and Protocols

These methods, instrumentation and/or protocols apply to all data in this dataset:

Methods and protocols used in the collection of this data package

Description:

1. Event_Description

I conducted a media content analysis and began with a list gleaned from Amodeo et al. (2022) of notable events and organizations involving Adirondack Common Pool Resource (CPR) governance since recognized European presence in 1626. I used the Google search engine and regional to national media coverage until reaching saturation where no additional organizations or policy events were discovered.

I compiled an events database containing examples of self-governance or state-centered CPR control decisions for each decade since New York became a state in the 1770s and for each event I gathered a list of organizations actively involved in CPR policymaking.

To minimize potential for bias in messaging about park policy (Burlando 2012:80), I included information from organizations widely considered either pro-environment, pro-private land rights or pro-economic development (some organizations are a combination). The unit of measure for analysis was therefore either an organization or an event.

For groups active in Forest Preserve (FP) policy, activity in Catskill Park and mid-Hudson Valley counties was not included, although both Adirondack and Catskill governance is important to FP-focused organizations.

Data Sources: web sites, newspaper articles, annual reports, books, maps, museum document collections and other online or paper/analog reference material.

********************

References:

Amodeo, M., Bond, H., George, C., Klein, J. D., & Tucker, R. E. (2022). An Adirondack Chronology No. 81 (p. 549). Union College.

Burlando, C. (2012). Land use planning policy in the Far North Region of Ontario: Conservation targets, politics of scale, and the role of civil society organizations in Aboriginal–state relations. University of Manitoba.

Instrument(s):

n/a

Description:

2. Public, Private, Both or Transfer

I classified each event based on its description to one of six choices:

1) public good;

2) private good;

3) transfer of public good from Public to Private (e.g., monetizing a resource on public land);

4) transfer of public good from Private to Public (e.g., a conservation easement);

5) both (involves public and private goods)

6) n/a

Description:

3. I classified each organization’s focus area based on its mission statement, vision and objectives as defined by its website and media/press releases. Organizational variables included geographic focus area (the spatial scale at which each operated, from town to global) and focus area/institutional affiliation of organization (e.g., legislative, agency, environmental protection, education) similar to the Core Interest identified by Levesque et al. (2016).

Reference

Levesque, V. R., A. J. K. Calhoun, K. P. Bell, and T. R. Johnson. 2016. Turning Contention into Collaboration: Engaging Power, Trust, and Learning in Collaborative Networks. Society & Natural Resources 30:245–260.

Description:

4. WHO

Organization(s) or entities involved in event. Typically only filled in for groups appearing multiple times, and is not a complete listing of organizations. Acronyms often in Event_Description column; acronyms are also in Amodeo (2022) source material.

Reference: Amodeo, M., Bond, H., George, C., Klein, J. D., & Tucker, R. E. (2022). An Adirondack Chronology No. 81 (p. 549). Union College.

The following is related but not included in this dataset; details can be found in Appendix 1 of McNulty (2023)https://experts.esf.edu/esploro/outputs/99917370604826.

For analysis I assigned each organization to one of the following types based on the public mission statement or written articles about the organization:

Table. Types of organizations by focus area in the Adirondack policy network, 1760-2020.

*****************************************************************************************************************

Organizational Type Description and Example Organizations

****************************************************************************************************************

Education - College Colleges and universities, public or private

Education - K-12 K-12 or 7-12 schools, public or private, including programs for K-12 students

Education - Public Museums, education centers, nature centers

Federal Agency Officials (not elected) representing national public good^4 management

Federal Legislature Congressional staff and elected officials

Local Government - County County officials, elected or appointed

Local Government - Regional Regional (parkwide or supra-county) officials, elected or appointed

Local Government - Town Town or village officials, elected or appointed

Media Newspapers, magazines, radio, websites, journalists

NGO - Community^1,2 Non-profit group focused on housing, health, education, other local issues

NGO - Economic^2 Non-profit group focused on jobs, workforce training, and similar issues

NGO - Environmental^2 Non-profit group focused on environmental issues

NGO - Recreation^2 Non-profit group focused on motorized OR non-motorized recreation

Private Industry Business or firm

Private Land Rights^3 Group focused on citizens' property rights, home rule

State Agency Officials (not elected) representing state public good management

State Agency Advisor Non-binding group designated to assist state in public good management

State Legislature Governor, state Assembly or Senate staff and elected officials

State Public Benefit Corp. Group with regulatory and management capacity, differentiated from an agency

State Partnership Alignment of two or more state organizations to carry out policy

******************************************************************************************************************

^1 Non-governmental organizations. US Internal Revenue Service tax code lists NGOs as 501(c)3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 depending on their focus area.

^2 NGO label is based on the first key word of its mission: economic, community health, environmental, or recreation. Some NGOs have overlapping focus areas that would fit multiple categories; the primary term was the deciding factor.

^3 Most private property rights groups do not have official tax status thus are not labeled as NGOs.

^4 Public goods are shared natural resources such as clean air or water, recreation access.

Description:

5. WHAT

I assigned each Adirondack CPR event to one of seventeen categories based on the type of policy action.

*********************************************************************************************************************

Event Type Definition Regarding Public Good/Common Pool Resource (CPR)

*********************************************************************************************************************

1. Community sustainability/quality Action promoting social good (includes non-market economic action)

2. Economic development Action promoting or affecting CPRs via tourism, industry and housing

3. Energy/water supply Action affecting CPRs involving facilities for electricity, fossil fuel, or renewable energy or dams for flooding control or power generation

4. Environmental protection Protecting land, water, wildlife or air CPR (can include NGO or private land acquisition but not state land acquisition)

5. Housing Large (>20 lot or >1,000 acre) housing developments on private land (not used in McNulty (2023))

6. Invasive species Introduction or control of invasive aquatic or terrestrial species

7. Land acquisition Protective action by state agency or NGO to purchase private land or add public land rights via easement

8. State admin Agency action affecting organizational capacity for CPR management

9. N/A Item not fitting other categories (e.g., status reports at certain times)

10. Natural event Flood, drought, fire, windstorm, ice/snowstorm or other natural event affecting public good, system resilience or policy

11. Private land conservation Action protecting CPRs via private action

12. Private land use/development Utilization affecting CPRs, including land sale from state to private ownership or development of real property such as housing, industrial use, or forest products

13. Public land use/development Non-recreation forest product utilization or development affecting CPRs, including reclassification of state lands by APA

14. Recreation Promoting recreation CPR – may be motorized or unmotorized activity

15. Research/education Acquisition or reporting of information, usually not policy-driven

16. Telecommunications Action involving cell towers, broadband internet and related items

17. Transportation Action impacting public roads, railways or rivers for commerce or travel

*********************************************************************************************************************

Description:

6. HOW

I assigned each event to one of the following twelve types of interaction categories which variously restricted or enabled CPR management actions.

Table. Type of policy events about public natural resources (Common Pool Resources or CPRs) by Adirondack organizations.

********************************************************************

Interaction Category Definition Regarding CPR

*********************************************************************

Admin Administrative decision to create an entity or organization (state, NGO, other)

Conflict Groups differ in how a public good should be used; public written, verbal or physical altercation or CPR damage resulted

Court Judicial decision or proceeding resulting in policy

Economic use/advocacy Proposal for CPR consumption, extraction or modification

Environmental advocacy Protective CPR recommendation by agency, non-profit or citizens' group

Information transfer Data reporting with no advocacy or agenda

Law Decision by legislative branch including constitutional amendments

Law - failed Bill or item not approved by legislative branch

Management Implementation of a policy in response to a rule, law or court decision

Partnership Two organizations agree to work together on CPR management

Rule Decision of executive branch or democratic citizen participation (vote)

Rule - failed Decision to not approve an action via vote

********************************************************************

Description:

7. SCALE_WHERE and Watershed

Each event was classified based on the spatial extent of the CPR policy action.

Table. Geographic scale of operation of Adirondack organizations.

**********************************************************************

Organizational Scale Geographic Extent

**********************************************************************

1. Municipality Town, Village or Hamlet

2. Multiple County Occurs across two or more counties or watersheds

3. Park Adirondack Park Blue Line, or in most of 12 park counties in northern NY

4. Forest Preserve Adirondack public lands in Clinton, Essex, Franklin, Fulton, Hamilton, Herkimer, Lewis, Oneida, Saratoga, St. Lawrence, Warren, Washington Counties

5. North Country Forest Preserve counties plus Jefferson and Oswego Counties

6. State Most or all of New York State

7. Northeast Northern parts of two or more states: New York, Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine

8. Federal United States

9. World Involving two or more countries; Global

**********************************************************************

Five watersheds originate in the Adirondack Mountains:

1. Hudson (Sacandaga, Indian Lake, Schroon Lake, Saratoga Lake);

2. Mohawk (West Canada Creek, Hinkley Reservoir);

3. Lake Champlain (Au Sable/Bouquet Rivers, Saranac/Chazy Rivers, Lake George/Lake Champlain; Saranac Lakes, Lake Placid);

4. Oswegatchie/Black (Moose, Beaver, Independence Rivers; Fulton Chain of Lakes; Big Moose Lake; Lake Lila);

5. St. Lawrence River (Raquette, Grass, St. Regis, Salmon and Trout Rivers, Tupper Lake, Stillwater Reservoir, Indian River).

See https://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/26561.html for description of water bodies belonging to each

Description:

8. WHAT_Subject

Some events received further categorization to refine the WHAT category.

Categories of subject of event include (e.g., ATV, blue line [Adirondack Park acreage/info], book, conference, EPF [Environmental Protection Fund], [human] health, housing, major windstorm, military flight, mill, mining, municipal [town-level actions], newspaper [origin of publication], major windstorm, n/a, ngo admin, railroad, report, road, science, tax sale, technology, water, wildlife, windstorm. Some events received more than one of these descriptors.

Not used in analysis in McNulty (2023) https://experts.esf.edu/esploro/outputs/99917370604826.

Description:

9. Key Event Assignment

For analysis, I assigned a relatively small number of Events essential to policy trajectory of Adirondack system = Yes. This list was checked by an external Adirondack policy expert. See McNulty (2023). https://experts.esf.edu/esploro/outputs/99917370604826

Description:

10. I assigned rule types that influence action situations define roles of actors, what they may, may not or must do, describe sanctions and outcomes of CPR decisions, and influence information sharing. To the Cole et al. (2017) types below I added another seven rules indicating when a rule failed – for example, when a law that would have altered motorized access to Forest Preserve failed to pass.

Table. Types of rules in policy event interaction between Adirondack organizations and stage of rule-setting where it occurs.

*****************************************************************************************************************************

Type of Rule^a Definition and Verb Stage of Rule Setting

*****************************************************************************************************************************

1. Boundary Define who can hold a position, leave a position, and process for assigning positions. Entry/exit, conditional pre-action

2. Position Create a role (e.g., voter, judge, elected representative). "Be." pre-action

3. Choice Prescribe actions an actor must, must not, or may take. Shapes incentives. "Do." pre- or mid-action

4. Information Authorize channel of information flow, including who can communicate and how. Policy evaluation focus. middle, action situation

5. Aggregation Determine how many and which actors must participate in a decision/choice. Affects other rules. middle, action situation

6. Payoff Assign reward or sanction to an action or based on outcomes. "Should/shouldn't." late action

7. Scope Define possible outcomes of a choice arena late action

8-14 (All Rule Type) - Failed Policy to create any of the other seven rules is not acted upon or is unsuccessful. all rule types/action situations

*****************************************************************************************************************************

a Modified from Cole (2017), Lien et al. (2018) and Cole et al. (2019).

References:

Cole, D. H. (2017). Laws, norms, and the Institutional Analysis and Development framework. Journal of Institutional Economics 13:829–847.

Cole, D., Epstein, G. & McGinnis, M. (2019). The Utility of Combining the IAD and SES Frameworks. International Journal of the Commons 13:244–275.

Lien, A. M., Schlager, E. & Lona, A. (2018). Using institutional grammar to improve understanding of the form and function of payment for ecosystem services programs. Ecosystem Services 31:21–31.

Description:

11. WHAT_IAD

I assigned rule types that influence action situations define roles of actors, what they may, may not or must do, describe sanctions and outcomes of CPR decisions, and influence information sharing. To the Cole et al. (2017) types below I added another seven rules indicating when a rule failed – for example, when a law that would have altered motorized access to Forest Preserve failed to pass.