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Extent, impacts, and drivers of oystershell scale invasions in aspen ecosystems in Arizona, USA 2020-2022

General Information
Data Package:
Local Identifier:edi.1592.1
Title:Extent, impacts, and drivers of oystershell scale invasions in aspen ecosystems in Arizona, USA 2020-2022
Alternate Identifier:DOI PLACE HOLDER
Abstract:

Invasive herbivores that kill foundation tree species pose a major threat to forest ecosystem sustainability. One important foundation tree species in the interior western United States is quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), which is threatened by recent outbreaks of an invasive insect, oystershell scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi; OSS). OSS outbreaks were first reported in 2016, when OSS began causing dieback and mortality of aspen in wildland forest settings in northern Arizona. Since then, OSS has been observed in other locations across Arizona and in other western states, and recent studies in Arizona have highlighted the threat that OSS poses to aspen sustainability, warranting a comprehensive survey of OSS invasions and their impacts on aspen ecosystems. We sampled aspen populations across Arizona and addressed three questions: (1) What is the geographic extent of OSS in Arizona? (2) What impacts does OSS have on aspen? (3) Which biotic and abiotic factors influence OSS abundance? We found that OSS was widespread in central Arizona and had a negative impact on aspen forest health. OSS was associated with crown damage and tree mortality, especially of intermediate-sized, recruiting stems. Climate was the most important driver of plot-level OSS abundance, with warmer, drier conditions resulting in significantly more OSS. OSS was also associated with less recent fire, presence of ungulate management strategies such as fenced exclosures, and stands with a greater density of aspen saplings. We conclude that active management is required to suppress OSS populations and mitigate damage to aspen ecosystems, and we provide OSS monitoring and management recommendations based on our findings.

Publication Date:2024-02-29
For more information:
Visit: DOI PLACE HOLDER

Time Period
Begin:
2020-05-01
End:
2023-05-12

People and Organizations
Contact:Crouch, Connor D (USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station) [  email ]
Contact:Waring, Kristen M (School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University) [  email ]
Creator:Crouch, Connor D (USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station)
Creator:Waring, Kristen M (School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University)
Creator:Grady, Amanda M (USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, Arizona Zone)
Creator:Wilhelmi, Nicholas P (USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, Arizona Zone)
Creator:Hofstetter, Richard W (School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University)
Creator:Moore, Margaret M (School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University)

Data Entities
Data Table Name:
Crouch_ch3_oss_plot_data
Description:
Plot-level data used to analyze extent, impacts, and drivers of oystershell scale invasions in aspen ecosystems in Arizona.
Data Table Name:
Crouch_ch3_oss_tree_data
Description:
Tree-level data used to analyze extent, impacts, and drivers of oystershell scale invasions in aspen ecosystems in Arizona.
Other Name:
Crouch_ch3 analysis
Description:
R code used for all analyses and figure creation as well as for some data manipulation and table creation
Detailed Metadata

Data Entities

Data Table

Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/1592/1/2b3b1df88163835385283a5ad3ded05d
Name:Crouch_ch3_oss_plot_data
Description:Plot-level data used to analyze extent, impacts, and drivers of oystershell scale invasions in aspen ecosystems in Arizona.
Number of Records:220
Number of Columns:152

Table Structure
Object Name:Crouch_ch3_oss_plot_data.csv
Size:197274 byte
Authentication:ed19fa1cbc52673b7d22f5cd48fe14a2 Calculated By MD5
Text Format:
Number of Header Lines:1
Record Delimiter:\r\n
Orientation:column
Simple Delimited:
Field Delimiter:,
Quote Character:"

Table Column Descriptions
 unique row IDnational forestsiteplotsite.plotutm eastingutm northinglatitudelongitudedateyeartotal scatelk scatdeer scatcattle scatelevationaspect degaspect0.2slope degheat loadradiationfire yearfire nameyears since firefire severityburned twiceelev.cataspect.catfire.catungulate mngmntconifer removallive aspen ba m2dead aspen ba m2l o potr countd o potr countl o non potr countl o conifer countl s potr countl tr potr countl sr potr countl potr count rawl potr count scaledd s potr countd tr potr countd sr potr countd potr count rawd potr count scaledl potr tphd potr tphl o potr tphl s potr tphl tr potr tphl sr potr tphd o potr tphd s potr tphd tr potr tphd sr potr tphall host banon host bao host counts host counttr host countsr host counto nonhost counts nonhost counttr nonhost countsr nonhost counto host tphs host tphtr host tphsr host tpho nonhost tphs nonhost tphtr nonhost tphsr nonhost tphsoil orderphbdodsandnitrogensocceccfvoclayoss.presoss.proposs.top.3.propbrowse.propungulate.damage.propall.animal.damage.propsucking.gall.forming.insects.propbark.beetles.propwood.boring.insects.propdefoliating.insects.propcyto.prophypoxylon.propcera.propsooty.bark.propall.cankers.propfoliar.and.shoot.diseases.propdecay.diseases.propabiotic.damage.propAHM_meanSHM_meanDD_0_meanDD5_meanDD_18_meanDD18_meanNFFD_meanFFP_meanPAS meanDD1040_meanTmax_wt_meanTmax_sp_meanTmax_sm meanTmax_at_meanTmin_wt meanTmin_sp_meanTmin_sm_meanTmin_at_meanTave_wt meanTave_sp meanTave_sm meanTave_at meanPPT_wt meanPPT_sp meanPPT_sm meanPPT_at meanEref_wt_meanEref_sp_meanEref_sm_meanEref_at_meanCMD_wt_meanCMD_sp_meanCMD_sm_meanCMD_at_meanRH_wt_meanRH_sp_meanRH_sm_meanRH_at_meanCMI_wt meanCMI_sp meanCMI_sm meanCMI_at meanADI meanmajor.areaminor.areaexp.unitfire.sev.numfire.cat.numungulate.mngmnt.numsoil.order.num
Column Name:unique row ID  
national forest  
site  
plot  
site.plot  
utm easting  
utm northing  
latitude  
longitude  
date  
year  
total scat  
elk scat  
deer scat  
cattle scat  
elevation  
aspect deg  
aspect0.2  
slope deg  
heat load  
radiation  
fire year  
fire name  
years since fire  
fire severity  
burned twice  
elev.cat  
aspect.cat  
fire.cat  
ungulate mngmnt  
conifer removal  
live aspen ba m2  
dead aspen ba m2  
l o potr count  
d o potr count  
l o non potr count  
l o conifer count  
l s potr count  
l tr potr count  
l sr potr count  
l potr count raw  
l potr count scaled  
d s potr count  
d tr potr count  
d sr potr count  
d potr count raw  
d potr count scaled  
l potr tph  
d potr tph  
l o potr tph  
l s potr tph  
l tr potr tph  
l sr potr tph  
d o potr tph  
d s potr tph  
d tr potr tph  
d sr potr tph  
all host ba  
non host ba  
o host count  
s host count  
tr host count  
sr host count  
o nonhost count  
s nonhost count  
tr nonhost count  
sr nonhost count  
o host tph  
s host tph  
tr host tph  
sr host tph  
o nonhost tph  
s nonhost tph  
tr nonhost tph  
sr nonhost tph  
soil order  
ph  
bdod  
sand  
nitrogen  
soc  
cec  
cfvo  
clay  
oss.pres  
oss.prop  
oss.top.3.prop  
browse.prop  
ungulate.damage.prop  
all.animal.damage.prop  
sucking.gall.forming.insects.prop  
bark.beetles.prop  
wood.boring.insects.prop  
defoliating.insects.prop  
cyto.prop  
hypoxylon.prop  
cera.prop  
sooty.bark.prop  
all.cankers.prop  
foliar.and.shoot.diseases.prop  
decay.diseases.prop  
abiotic.damage.prop  
AHM_mean  
SHM_mean  
DD_0_mean  
DD5_mean  
DD_18_mean  
DD18_mean  
NFFD_mean  
FFP_mean  
PAS_mean  
DD1040_mean  
Tmax_wt_mean  
Tmax_sp_mean  
Tmax_sm_mean  
Tmax_at_mean  
Tmin_wt_mean  
Tmin_sp_mean  
Tmin_sm_mean  
Tmin_at_mean  
Tave_wt_mean  
Tave_sp_mean  
Tave_sm_mean  
Tave_at_mean  
PPT_wt_mean  
PPT_sp_mean  
PPT_sm_mean  
PPT_at_mean  
Eref_wt_mean  
Eref_sp_mean  
Eref_sm_mean  
Eref_at_mean  
CMD_wt_mean  
CMD_sp_mean  
CMD_sm_mean  
CMD_at_mean  
RH_wt_mean  
RH_sp_mean  
RH_sm_mean  
RH_at_mean  
CMI_wt_mean  
CMI_sp_mean  
CMI_sm_mean  
CMI_at_mean  
ADI_mean  
major.area  
minor.area  
exp.unit  
fire.sev.num  
fire.cat.num  
ungulate.mngmnt.num  
soil.order.num  
Definition:unique number assigned to each of the 220 study plotsnational forest in which the study plot is locatedname assigned to the study site in which the plot occursnumber assigned to plot; not all numbers are unique, but plot numbers do not repeat within sitescombined site name and plot number with a dash in between; each site.plot code is uniqueplot center coordinates in UTM eastings (zone 12)plot center coordinates in UTM northings (zone 12)plot center latitudinal coordinatesplot center longitudinal coordinatesdate the plot was established and sampledyear in which the plot was established and sampledtotal number of scat piles of any ungulate species observed in 8m overstory plottotal number of elk scat piles observed in 8m overstory plottotal number of deer scat piles observed in 8m overstory plottotal number of cattle scat piles observed in 8m overstory plotelevation at plot center based on 30m resolution DEMaspect at plot center based on 30m resolution DEMaspect at plot center based on 30m resolution DEM; transformed on a scale from 0-2slope at plot center based on 30m resolution DEMheat load at plot center calculated from 30m resolution DEMpotential annual direct radiation at plot center calculated from 30m resolution DEMyear of last prescribed or wildfire that burned over the plotname of the last wildfire that burned over the plot; “na” indicates no fire burned over the plot in the previous 20 years; “prescribed” indicates an unnamed prescribed fire burned over the plotyear of plot was sampled minus year of last fire; “na” indicates no fire burned over the plot in the previous 20 yearsfire severity based on MTBS for last prescribed or wildfire that burned over the plotbinary variable for whether plot burned twice in the previous 20 yearsbinary variable for elevation with a threshold of 2400mbinary variable for aspectcategorical variable indicating when last prescribed or wildfire burned over the plotcategorical variable indicating if the pot was located in an area of ungulate managementbinary variable indicating if conifer removal occurred in or around the plotbasal area of live aspen (> 5.1 cm dbh) in plotbasal area of dead aspen (> 5.1 cm dbh) in plotcount of live overstory (> 12.7 cm dbh) aspen in plotcount of dead overstory (> 12.7 cm dbh) aspen in plotcount of live overstory (> 12.7 cm dbh) tree species other than aspen in plotcount of live overstory (> 12.7 cm dbh) conifers in plotcount of live aspen saplings (5.1 – 12.7 cm dbh) in plotcount of live aspen tall regeneration (<5.1 cm dbh, > 1.37 m tall) in plotcount of live aspen short regeneration (< 1.37 m tall) in plotcount of all live aspen stems in plotcount of all live aspen stems in plot, with regenerating stem (< 12.7 cm dbh) count scaled up to reconcile the fact that the regeneration plot (4m radius ) was smaller than the overstory plot (8m radius)count of dead aspen saplings (5.1 – 12.7 cm dbh) in plotcount of dead aspen tall regeneration (<5.1 cm dbh, > 1.37 m tall) in plotcount of dead aspen short regeneration (< 1.37 m tall) in plotcount of all dead aspen stems in plotcount of all dead aspen stems in plot, with regenerating stem (< 12.7 cm dbh) count scaled up to reconcile the fact that the regeneration plot (4m radius ) was smaller than the overstory plot (8m radius)density of all live aspen stems in plotdensity of all dead aspen stems in plotdensity of live overstory (> 12.7 cm dbh) aspen in plotdensity of live aspen saplings (5.1 – 12.7 cm dbh) in plotdensity of live aspen tall regeneration (<5.1 cm dbh, > 1.37 m tall) in plotdensity of live aspen short regeneration (< 1.37 m tall) in plotdensity of dead overstory (> 12.7 cm dbh) aspen in plotdensity of dead aspen saplings (5.1 – 12.7 cm dbh) in plotdensity of dead aspen tall regeneration (<5.1 cm dbh, > 1.37 m tall) in plotdensity of dead aspen short regeneration (< 1.37 m tall) in plotbasal area of all live OSS host tree species (> 5.1 cm dbh) in plotbasal area of all live OSS non-host tree species (> 5.1 cm dbh) in plotcount of live overstory (> 12.7 cm dbh) OSS hosts in plotcount of live OSS host saplings (5.1 – 12.7 cm dbh) in plotcount of live OSS host tall regeneration (<5.1 cm dbh, > 1.37 m tall) in plotcount of live OSS host short regeneration (< 1.37 m tall) in plotcount of live overstory (> 12.7 cm dbh) OSS non-hosts in plotcount of live OSS non-host saplings (5.1 – 12.7 cm dbh) in plotcount of live OSS non-host tall regeneration (<5.1 cm dbh, > 1.37 m tall) in plotcount of live OSS non-host short regeneration (< 1.37 m tall) in plotdensity of live overstory (> 12.7 cm dbh) OSS hosts in plotdensity of live OSS host saplings (5.1 – 12.7 cm dbh) in plotdensity of live OSS host tall regeneration (<5.1 cm dbh, > 1.37 m tall) in plotdensity of live OSS host short regeneration (< 1.37 m tall) in plotdensity of live overstory (> 12.7 cm dbh) OSS non-hosts in plotdensity of live OSS non-host saplings (5.1 – 12.7 cm dbh) in plotdensity of live OSS non-host tall regeneration (<5.1 cm dbh, > 1.37 m tall) in plotdensity of live OSS non-host short regeneration (< 1.37 m tall) in plotsoil order of plot, obtained from SoilGridssoil pH in H2O, obtained from SoilGridsbulk density of soil, obtained from SoilGridssand content in soil, obtained from SoilGridsnitrogen content in soil, obtained from SoilGridssoil organic carbon content, obtained from SoilGridscation exchange capacity, obtained from SoilGridsvolumetric fraction of coarse fragments in soil, obtained from SoilGridsclay content in soil, obtained from SoilGridsbinary variable for whether oystershell scale was present in plotproportion of aspen stems in plot infested by oystershell scale at any level of severityproportion of aspen stems in plot with oystershell scale listed as a top 3 damaging agentproportion of aspen stems in plot with ungulate browse listed as a top 3 damaging agentproportion of aspen stems in plot with fresh ungulate barking listed as a top 3 damaging agentproportion of aspen stems in plot with any form of animal damage listed as a top 3 damaging agentproportion of aspen stems in plot with sucking or gall-forming insects listed as a top 3 damaging agentproportion of aspen stems in plot with bark beetles listed as a top 3 damaging agentproportion of aspen stems in plot with wood-boring insects listed as a top 3 damaging agentproportion of aspen stems in plot with defoliating insects listed as a top 3 damaging agentproportion of aspen stems in plot with Cytospora canker listed as a top 3 damaging agentproportion of aspen stems in plot with Hypoxylon canker listed as a top 3 damaging agentproportion of aspen stems in plot with Ceratocystis canker listed as a top 3 damaging agentproportion of aspen stems in plot with sooty bark canker listed as a top 3 damaging agentproportion of aspen stems in plot with any canker listed as a top 3 damaging agentproportion of aspen stems in plot with foliar or shoot disease listed as a top 3 damaging agentproportion of aspen stems in plot with decay disease listed as a top 3 damaging agentproportion of aspen stems in plot with abiotic damage listed as a top 3 damaging agentannual heat moisture index averaged over the 2 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAsummer heat moisture index averaged over the 2 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAnumber of degree-days below 0°C averaged over the 2 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAnumber of degree-days above 5°C averaged over the 2 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAnumber of degree-days below 18°C averaged over the 2 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAnumber of degree-days above 18°C averaged over the 2 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAnumber of frost-free days averaged over the 2 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAfrost-free period averaged over the 2 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAannual precipitation as snow averaged over the 5 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAnumber of degree-days above 10°C and below 18°C averaged over the 2 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAmaximum winter (Dec – Feb) temperature averaged over the 2 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAmaximum spring (Mar – May) temperature averaged over the 2 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAmaximum summer (Jun – Aug) temperature averaged over the 5 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAmaximum autumn (Sep – Oct) temperature averaged over the 2 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAminimum winter (Dec – Feb) temperature averaged over the 5 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAminimum spring (Mar – May) temperature averaged over the 2 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAminimum summer (Jun – Aug) temperature averaged over the 2 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAminimum autumn (Sep – Oct) temperature averaged over the 2 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAmean winter (Dec – Feb) temperature averaged over the 5 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAmean spring (Mar – May) temperature averaged over the 5 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAmean summer (Jun – Aug) temperature averaged over the 5 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAmean autumn (Sep – Oct) temperature averaged over the 5 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAwinter (Dec – Feb) precipitation averaged over the 5 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAspring (Mar – May) precipitation averaged over the 5 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAsummer (Jun – Aug) precipitation averaged over the 5 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAautumn (Sep – Oct) precipitation averaged over the 5 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAwinter (Dec – Feb) Hargreaves reference evaporation averaged over the 2 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAspring (Mar – May) Hargreaves reference evaporation averaged over the 2 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAsummer (Jun – Aug) Hargreaves reference evaporation averaged over the 2 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAautumn (Sep – Oct) Hargreaves reference evaporation averaged over the 2 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAwinter (Dec – Feb) climate moisture deficit averaged over the 2 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAspring (Mar – May) climate moisture deficit averaged over the 2 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAsummer (Jun – Aug) climate moisture deficit averaged over the 2 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAautumn (Sep – Oct) climate moisture deficit averaged over the 2 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAwinter (Dec – Feb) relative humidity averaged over the 2 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAspring (Mar – May) relative humidity averaged over the 2 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAsummer (Jun – Aug) relative humidity averaged over the 2 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAautumn (Sep – Oct) relative humidity averaged over the 2 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAwinter (Dec – Feb) climate moisture index averaged over the 5 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAspring (Mar – May) climate moisture index averaged over the 5 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAsummer (Jun – Aug) climate moisture index averaged over the 5 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAautumn (Sep – Oct) climate moisture index averaged over the 5 years prior to sampling, obtained from ClimateNAannual dryness index (annual degree-days above 5°C ÷ annual precipitation) averaged over the 5 years prior to samplingmajor area in which the plot was locatedminor area in which the plot was locatedexperimental unit in which the plot was locatednumerical fire severity variable based on MTBS for last prescribed or wildfire that burned over the plotnumerical, categorical variable indicating when last prescribed or wildfire burned over the plotnumerical, categorical variable indicating if the pot was located in an area of ungulate managementnumerical variable indicating soil order of plot, obtained from SoilGrids
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float  
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dateTime  
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Measurement Type:rationominalnominalnominalnominalratioratioratioratiodateTimedateTimeratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratiorationominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratiorationominalratioratioratioratioratioratioratiorationominalratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratiorationominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominal
Measurement Values Domain:
Unitnumber
Typereal
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
CodeApache-Sitgreaves
DefinitionApache-Sitgreaves National Forest
Source
Code Definition
CodeCoconino
DefinitionCoconino National Forest
Source
Code Definition
CodeCoronado
DefinitionCoronado National Forest
Source
Code Definition
CodeKaibab
DefinitionKaibab National Forest
Source
Code Definition
CodePrescott
DefinitionPrescott National Forest
Source
Definitiontext
Definitiontext
Definitiontext
Unitmeter
Typereal
Unitmeter
Typereal
Unitdegree
Typereal
Unitdegree
Typereal
FormatYYYY-MM-DD
Precision
FormatYYYY
Precision
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitmeter
Typereal
Unitdegree
Typereal
Unitunitless scale ranging from 0-2 (0=225°, 1=135° or 315°, 2=45°)
Typereal
Unitdegree
Typereal
Unitmegajoule per centimeter squared per year
Typereal
Unitmegajoule per centimeter squared per year
Typereal
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code2002
Definition2002
Source
Code Definition
Code2006
Definition2006
Source
Code Definition
Code2010
Definition2010
Source
Code Definition
Code2011
Definition2011
Source
Code Definition
Code2012
Definition2012
Source
Code Definition
Code2013
Definition2013
Source
Code Definition
Code2014
Definition2014
Source
Code Definition
Code2017
Definition2017
Source
Code Definition
Code2018
Definition2018
Source
Code Definition
Code2019
Definition2019
Source
Code Definition
Code2020
Definition2020
Source
Code Definition
Codena
Definition“na” indicates no fire burned over the plot in the previous 20 years
Source
Definitiontext
Definitiontext
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Codehigh
Definitionhigh
Source
Code Definition
Codelow
Definitionlow
Source
Code Definition
Codemoderate
Definitionmoderate
Source
Code Definition
Codena
Definitionno fire in previous 20 years
Source
Code Definition
Codeunburned
Definitionunburned
Source
Code Definition
Codeunburned/low
Definitionunburned/low
Source
Code Definition
Codeunknown
Definitionfire not included in MTBS database
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Codeno
Definition0 or 1 fire in previous 20 years
Source
Code Definition
Codeyes
Definition2 fires in previous 20 years
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code<2400m
Definition<2400m in elevation
Source
Code Definition
Code>2400m
Definition>2400m in elevation
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
CodeN/E
Definitionnorth- or east-facing aspect
Source
Code Definition
CodeS/W
Definitionsouth- or west-facing aspect
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code0-2yr
Definition0-2yr since fire
Source
Code Definition
Code2-20yr
Definition2-20yr since fire
Source
Code Definition
Code>20yr
Definition>20yr since fire
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Codeexclosure
Definitionplot located in fenced ungulate exclosure
Source
Code Definition
Codejackstraw
Definitionplot located in jackstraw treatment
Source
Code Definition
Codenone
Definitionno ungulate management
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Codeno
Definitionno conifer removal in or around plot
Source
Code Definition
Codeyes
Definitionconifer removal occurred in or around plot
Source
UnitmeterSquaredPerHectare
Typereal
UnitmeterSquaredPerHectare
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unittrees per hectare
Typereal
Unittrees per hectare
Typereal
Unittrees per hectare
Typereal
Unittrees per hectare
Typereal
Unittrees per hectare
Typereal
Unittrees per hectare
Typereal
Unittrees per hectare
Typereal
Unittrees per hectare
Typereal
Unittrees per hectare
Typereal
Unittrees per hectare
Typereal
UnitmeterSquaredPerHectare
Typereal
UnitmeterSquaredPerHectare
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typeinteger
Unitnumber
Typeinteger
Unitnumber
Typeinteger
Unitnumber
Typeinteger
Unitnumber
Typeinteger
Unitnumber
Typeinteger
Unitnumber
Typeinteger
Unitnumber
Typeinteger
Unittrees per hectare
Typereal
Unittrees per hectare
Typereal
Unittrees per hectare
Typereal
Unittrees per hectare
Typereal
Unittrees per hectare
Typereal
Unittrees per hectare
Typereal
Unittrees per hectare
Typereal
Unittrees per hectare
Typereal
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
CodeCambisols
DefinitionCambisols
Source
Code Definition
CodeChernozems
DefinitionChernozems
Source
Code Definition
CodeKastanozems
DefinitionKastanozems
Source
Code Definition
CodeLuvisols
DefinitionLuvisols
Source
UnitpHx10
Typereal
Unitcentigrams per cubic centimeter
Typereal
Unitgrams per kilogram
Typereal
Unitcentigrams per kilogram
Typereal
Unitdecigrams per kilogram
Typereal
UnitmillimolePerKilogram
Typereal
Unitcubic centimeters per cubic decimeter
Typereal
Unitgrams per kilogram
Typereal
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
CodeN
Definitionoystershell scale absent
Source
Code Definition
CodeY
Definitionoystershell scale present
Source
Unitproportion of aspen stems affected
Typereal
Unitproportion of aspen stems affected
Typereal
Unitproportion of aspen stems affected
Typereal
Unitproportion of aspen stems affected
Typereal
Unitproportion of aspen stems affected
Typereal
Unitproportion of aspen stems affected
Typereal
Unitproportion of aspen stems affected
Typereal
Unitproportion of aspen stems affected
Typereal
Unitproportion of aspen stems affected
Typereal
Unitproportion of aspen stems affected
Typereal
Unitproportion of aspen stems affected
Typereal
Unitproportion of aspen stems affected
Typereal
Unitproportion of aspen stems affected
Typereal
Unitproportion of aspen stems affected
Typereal
Unitproportion of aspen stems affected
Typereal
Unitproportion of aspen stems affected
Typereal
Unitproportion of aspen stems affected
Typereal
Unitunitless index AHM
Typereal
Unitunitless index SHM
Typereal
Unitnumber of degree-days
Typereal
Unitnumber of degree-days
Typereal
Unitnumber of degree-days
Typereal
Unitnumber of degree-days
Typereal
Unitnumber of days
Typereal
Unitnumber of days
Typereal
Unitmillimeter
Typereal
Unitnumber of degree-days
Typereal
Unitcelsius
Typereal
Unitcelsius
Typereal
Unitcelsius
Typereal
Unitcelsius
Typereal
Unitcelsius
Typereal
Unitcelsius
Typereal
Unitcelsius
Typereal
Unitcelsius
Typereal
Unitcelsius
Typereal
Unitcelsius
Typereal
Unitcelsius
Typereal
Unitcelsius
Typereal
Unitmillimeter
Typereal
Unitmillimeter
Typereal
Unitmillimeter
Typereal
Unitmillimeter
Typereal
Unitmillimeter
Typereal
Unitmillimeter
Typereal
Unitmillimeter
Typereal
Unitmillimeter
Typereal
Unitmillimeter
Typereal
Unitmillimeter
Typereal
Unitmillimeter
Typereal
Unitmillimeter
Typereal
Unitpercent
Typereal
Unitpercent
Typereal
Unitpercent
Typereal
Unitpercent
Typereal
Unitmillimeter
Typereal
Unitmillimeter
Typereal
Unitmillimeter
Typereal
Unitmillimeter
Typereal
Unitunitless index (annual degree-days above 5°C ÷ annual precipitation)
Typereal
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
CodeCoronado
DefinitionCoronado
Source
Code Definition
CodeFlagstaff
DefinitionFlagstaff
Source
Code Definition
CodeMogollon Rim
DefinitionMogollon Rim
Source
Code Definition
CodeNorth Kaibab
DefinitionNorth Kaibab
Source
Code Definition
CodePrescott
DefinitionPrescott
Source
Code Definition
CodeSouth Kaibab
DefinitionSouth Kaibab
Source
Code Definition
CodeWhite Mountains
DefinitionWhite Mountains
Source
Definitiontext
Definitiontext
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code1
Definitionno fire in previous 20 years or unknown or unburned
Source
Code Definition
Code2
Definitionunburned/low
Source
Code Definition
Code3
Definitionlow
Source
Code Definition
Code4
Definitionmoderate
Source
Code Definition
Code5
Definitionhigh
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code1
Definition0-2yr
Source
Code Definition
Code2
Definition2-20yr
Source
Code Definition
Code3
Definition>20yr
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code0
Definitionno ungulate management
Source
Code Definition
Code1
Definitionplot located in fenced ungulate exclosure or jackstraw treatment
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code1
DefinitionCambisols
Source
Code Definition
Code2
DefinitionChernozems
Source
Code Definition
Code3
DefinitionKastanozems
Source
Code Definition
Code4
DefinitionLuvisols
Source
Missing Value Code:
Codeno missing values
Explno missing values
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Accuracy Report:                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
Accuracy Assessment:                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
Coverage:                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
Methods:                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

Data Table

Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/1592/1/0891ff63b80168b6eb989d17c596fcc2
Name:Crouch_ch3_oss_tree_data
Description:Tree-level data used to analyze extent, impacts, and drivers of oystershell scale invasions in aspen ecosystems in Arizona.
Number of Records:16011
Number of Columns:55

Table Structure
Object Name:Crouch_ch3_oss_tree_data.csv
Size:2879499 byte
Authentication:45213af3cc0e7d7526e78d1fa81e3bd6 Calculated By MD5
Text Format:
Number of Header Lines:1
Record Delimiter:\r\n
Orientation:column
Simple Delimited:
Field Delimiter:,
Quote Character:"

Table Column Descriptions
 unique row IDmajor.areanational forestsiteplotsite.plottreespeciessize classdbhtphheightconditiondiebackcrown ratiooss presentoss n botoss n midoss n toposs s botoss s midoss s toposs in crownagent 1agent 2agent 3other agentscommentsoss n bot percentoss n mid percentoss n top percentoss s bot percentoss s mid percentoss s top percentoss severitybrowseungulate damageall animal damageoss top 3sucking gall forming insectsbark beetleswood boring insectsdefoliating insectscytohypoxyloncerasooty barkall cankersfoliar and shoot diseasesdecay diseasesabiotic damageOSS.rating.totalOSS.rating.total.catOSS.rating.avgOSS.rating.avg.cat
Column Name:unique row ID  
major.area  
national forest  
site  
plot  
site.plot  
tree  
species  
size class  
dbh  
tph  
height  
condition  
dieback  
crown ratio  
oss present  
oss n bot  
oss n mid  
oss n top  
oss s bot  
oss s mid  
oss s top  
oss in crown  
agent 1  
agent 2  
agent 3  
other agents  
comments  
oss n bot percent  
oss n mid percent  
oss n top percent  
oss s bot percent  
oss s mid percent  
oss s top percent  
oss severity  
browse  
ungulate damage  
all animal damage  
oss top 3  
sucking gall forming insects  
bark beetles  
wood boring insects  
defoliating insects  
cyto  
hypoxylon  
cera  
sooty bark  
all cankers  
foliar and shoot diseases  
decay diseases  
abiotic damage  
OSS.rating.total  
OSS.rating.total.cat  
OSS.rating.avg  
OSS.rating.avg.cat  
Definition:unique number assigned to each of the 220 study plotsmajor area in which the plot was locatednational forest in which the study plot is locatedname assigned to the study site in which the plot occursnumber assigned to plot; not all numbers are unique, but plot numbers do not repeat within sitescombined site name and plot number with a dash in between; each site.plot code is uniquenumber assigned to live aspen; not all numbers are unique, but tree numbers do not repeat within plotsfour letter tree species code, using first two letters of genus and speciessize class of treediameter at breast heighttrees per hectare value assigned to each tree, based on whether it occurred in the 8m overstory or 4m regeneration plot and whether the 4m regeneration plot needed to be multiplied due to a smaller sample being measuredtree heighttree conditioncrown dieback, measured as the percentage of dead branches above the bottom of the tree’s live crowncrown ratio, measured as the percentage of total tree height occupied by the tree’s live crownbinary variable indicating whether oystershell scale was present on the treeoystershell scale severity rating for the bottom third of the tree on the north side of the stemoystershell scale severity rating for the middle third of the tree on the north side of the stemoystershell scale severity rating for the top third of the tree on the north side of the stemoystershell scale severity rating for the bottom third of the tree on the south side of the stemoystershell scale severity rating for the middle third of the tree on the south side of the stemoystershell scale severity rating for the top third of the tree on the south side of the stembinary variable indicating whether oystershell scale was present in the tree’s crownbiotic or abiotic damaging agent identified as one of the top three agents affecting tree based on likelihood to cause dieback and mortalitybiotic or abiotic damaging agent identified as one of the top three agents affecting tree based on likelihood to cause dieback and mortalitybiotic or abiotic damaging agent identified as one of the top three agents affecting tree based on likelihood to cause dieback and mortalitybiotic or abiotic damaging agents present on tree but not identified as one of the top three agents affecting treemiscellaneous notes about the tree or plotoystershell scale severity rating for the bottom third of tree’s north side calculated as percent by taking the mean percentage of each category in the rating system (0% for 0, 1% for 1, 25% for 2, and 75% for 3)oystershell scale severity rating for the middle third of tree’s north side calculated as percent by taking the mean percentage of each category in the rating system (0% for 0, 1% for 1, 25% for 2, and 75% for 3)oystershell scale severity rating for the top third of tree’s north side calculated as percent by taking the mean percentage of each category in the rating system (0% for 0, 1% for 1, 25% for 2, and 75% for 3)oystershell scale severity rating for the bottom third of tree’s south side calculated as percent by taking the mean percentage of each category in the rating system (0% for 0, 1% for 1, 25% for 2, and 75% for 3)oystershell scale severity rating for the middle third of tree’s south side calculated as percent by taking the mean percentage of each category in the rating system (0% for 0, 1% for 1, 25% for 2, and 75% for 3)oystershell scale severity rating for the top third of tree’s south side calculated as percent by taking the mean percentage of each category in the rating system (0% for 0, 1% for 1, 25% for 2, and 75% for 3)total oystershell scale severity rating for tree, calculated by taking the mean of the tree’s six severity percentage ratingsbinary variable indicating whether browse was recorded as a top 3 damaging agentbinary variable indicating whether ungulate damage was recorded as a top 3 damaging agentbinary variable indicating whether any animal damage was recorded as a top 3 damaging agentbinary variable indicating whether oystershell scale was recorded as a top 3 damaging agentbinary variable indicating whether sucking or gall-forming insects were recorded as a top 3 damaging agentbinary variable indicating whether bark beetles were recorded as a top 3 damaging agentbinary variable indicating whether wood-boring insects were recorded as a top 3 damaging agentbinary variable indicating whether defoliating insects were recorded as a top 3 damaging agentbinary variable indicating whether Cytospora canker was recorded as a top 3 damaging agentbinary variable indicating whether Hypoxylon canker was recorded as a top 3 damaging agentbinary variable indicating whether Ceratocystis canker was recorded as a top 3 damaging agentbinary variable indicating whether sooty bark canker was recorded as a top 3 damaging agentbinary variable indicating whether any canker was recorded as a top 3 damaging agentbinary variable indicating whether foliar and shoot diseases were recorded as a top 3 damaging agentbinary variable indicating whether a decay diseases were recorded as a top 3 damaging agentbinary variable indicating whether abiotic damage was recorded as a top 3 damaging agentcombined total of oystershell severity ratings (0–3, not the percentages) for the treecombined total of oystershell severity rating percentages for the tree, categorized into seven groups for plottingcombined total of oystershell severity rating percentages for the treecombined total of oystershell severity rating percentages for the tree, categorized into four groups for plotting
Storage Type:float  
string  
string  
string  
string  
string  
string  
string  
string  
float  
float  
float  
string  
string  
float  
string  
string  
string  
string  
string  
string  
string  
string  
string  
string  
string  
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string  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
string  
string  
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string  
string  
string  
string  
string  
string  
string  
string  
string  
string  
string  
string  
string  
float  
string  
float  
string  
Measurement Type:rationominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalratioratiorationominalnominalrationominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalratioratioratioratioratioratiorationominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalnominalrationominalrationominal
Measurement Values Domain:
Unitnumber
Typereal
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
CodeCoronado
DefinitionCoronado
Source
Code Definition
CodeFlagstaff
DefinitionFlagstaff
Source
Code Definition
CodeMogollon Rim
DefinitionMogollon Rim
Source
Code Definition
CodeNorth Kaibab
DefinitionNorth Kaibab
Source
Code Definition
CodePrescott
DefinitionPrescott
Source
Code Definition
CodeSouth Kaibab
DefinitionSouth Kaibab
Source
Code Definition
CodeWhite Mountains
DefinitionWhite Mountains
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
CodeApache-Sitgreaves
DefinitionApache-Sitgreaves National Forest
Source
Code Definition
CodeCoconino
DefinitionCoconino National Forest
Source
Code Definition
CodeCoronado
DefinitionCoronado National Forest
Source
Code Definition
CodeKaibab
DefinitionKaibab National Forest
Source
Code Definition
CodePrescott
DefinitionPrescott National Forest
Source
Definitiontext
Definitiontext
Definitiontext
Definitiontext
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
CodeABCO
DefinitionAbies concolor
Source
Code Definition
CodeABLA
DefinitionAbies lasiocarpa var arizonica
Source
Code Definition
CodeABsp
DefinitionAbies spp
Source
Code Definition
CodeACNE
DefinitionAcer negundo
Source
Code Definition
CodeARPR
DefinitionArctostaphylos pringlei
Source
Code Definition
CodeFRCA
DefinitionFrangula californica
Source
Code Definition
CodeGAWR
DefinitionGarrya wrightii
Source
Code Definition
CodeJUCO
DefinitionJuniperus communies
Source
Code Definition
CodeJUDE
DefinitionJuniperus deppeana
Source
Code Definition
CodeJUMA
DefinitionJuglans major
Source
Code Definition
CodePIEN
DefinitionPicea engelmannii
Source
Code Definition
CodePIPO
DefinitionPinus ponderosa
Source
Code Definition
Codepipo
DefinitionPinus ponderosa
Source
Code Definition
CodePIPO
DefinitionPinus ponderosa
Source
Code Definition
CodePIsp
DefinitionPinus spp
Source
Code Definition
CodePIST
DefinitionPinus strobiformis
Source
Code Definition
CodePOTR
DefinitionPopulus tremuloides
Source
Code Definition
CodePRVI
DefinitionPrunus virginiana
Source
Code Definition
CodePSME
DefinitionPseudostuga menziesii
Source
Code Definition
CodeQUGA
DefinitionQuercus gambelii
Source
Code Definition
CodeQUGA
DefinitionQuercus gambelii
Source
Code Definition
CodeRONE
DefinitionRobinia neomexicana
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
CodeO
Definitionoverstory (> 12.7 cm dbh)
Source
Code Definition
CodeS
Definitionsapling (5.1–12.7 cm dbh)
Source
Code Definition
CodeTR
Definitiontall regeneration (> 1.37 m tall, < 5.1 cm dbh)
Source
Code Definition
CodeSR
Definitionshort regeneration (< 1.37 m tall)
Source
Unitcentimeter
Typereal
Unitdensity per hectare
Typereal
Unitmeter
Typereal
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
CodeD
Definitiondead
Source
Code Definition
CodeL
Definitionlive
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code0
Definition0% dieback
Source
Code Definition
CodeL
Definitionlight, 1-33% dieback
Source
Code Definition
CodeM
Definitionmoderate, 34-67% dieback
Source
Code Definition
CodeH
Definitionhigh, >67% dieback
Source
Unitpercent
Typereal
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
CodeN
Definitionoystershell scale absent
Source
Code Definition
CodeY
Definitionoystershell scale present
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code0
Definitionno oystershell scale
Source
Code Definition
Code1
Definitiontrace
Source
Code Definition
Code2
Definition< 50% of section covered
Source
Code Definition
Code3
Definition> 50% of section covered
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code0
Definitionno oystershell scale
Source
Code Definition
Code1
Definitiontrace
Source
Code Definition
Code2
Definition< 50% of section covered
Source
Code Definition
Code3
Definition> 50% of section covered
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code0
Definitionno oystershell scale
Source
Code Definition
Code1
Definitiontrace
Source
Code Definition
Code2
Definition< 50% of section covered
Source
Code Definition
Code3
Definition> 50% of section covered
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code0
Definitionno oystershell scale
Source
Code Definition
Code1
Definitiontrace
Source
Code Definition
Code2
Definition< 50% of section covered
Source
Code Definition
Code3
Definition> 50% of section covered
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code0
Definitionno oystershell scale
Source
Code Definition
Code1
Definitiontrace
Source
Code Definition
Code2
Definition< 50% of section covered
Source
Code Definition
Code3
Definition> 50% of section covered
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code0
Definitionno oystershell scale
Source
Code Definition
Code1
Definitiontrace
Source
Code Definition
Code2
Definition< 50% of section covered
Source
Code Definition
Code3
Definition> 50% of section covered
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
CodeN
Definitionoystershell scale absent
Source
Code Definition
CodeY
Definitionoystershell scale present
Source
Definitiontext
Definitiontext
Definitiontext
Definitiontext
Definitiontext
Unitpercent
Typereal
Unitpercent
Typereal
Unitpercent
Typereal
Unitpercent
Typereal
Unitpercent
Typereal
Unitpercent
Typereal
Unitpercent
Typereal
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
CodeN
Definitionabsent
Source
Code Definition
CodeY
Definitionpresent
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
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Accuracy Report:                                                                                                              
Accuracy Assessment:                                                                                                              
Coverage:                                                                                                              
Methods:                                                                                                              

Non-Categorized Data Resource

Name:Crouch_ch3 analysis
Entity Type:R script
Description:R code used for all analyses and figure creation as well as for some data manipulation and table creation
Physical Structure Description:
Object Name:Crouch_ch3 analysis.R
Size:66584 byte
Authentication:9bea2346fb2ddbe96bd1dd9320e41f63 Calculated By MD5
Externally Defined Format:
Format Name:.R
Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/1592/1/6ae87cbf1a1106507b51410564502d8f

Data Package Usage Rights

This information is released under the Creative Commons license - Attribution - CC BY (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). The consumer of these data ("Data User" herein) is required to cite it appropriately in any publication that results from its use. The Data User should realize that these data may be actively used by others for ongoing research and that coordination may be necessary to prevent duplicate publication. The Data User is urged to contact the authors of these data if any questions about methodology or results occur. Where appropriate, the Data User is encouraged to consider collaboration or co-authorship with the authors. The Data User should realize that misinterpretation of data may occur if used out of context of the original study. While substantial efforts are made to ensure the accuracy of data and associated documentation, complete accuracy of data sets cannot be guaranteed. All data are made available "as is." The Data User should be aware, however, that data are updated periodically and it is the responsibility of the Data User to check for new versions of the data. The data authors and the repository where these data were obtained shall not be liable for damages resulting from any use or misinterpretation of the data. Thank you.

Keywords

By Thesaurus:
(No thesaurus)invasion ecology, Lepidosaphes ulmi, Populus tremuloides, sleeper species, armored scale insect
LTER Controlled Vocabularyclimate change

Methods and Protocols

These methods, instrumentation and/or protocols apply to all data in this dataset:

Methods and protocols used in the collection of this data package
Description:

From the Methods section of Crouch 2023 Chapter 3 (dissertation completed in May 2023):

STUDY AREA

Our study area encompassed aspen ecosystems across Arizona, USA. Although OSS has been observed on numerous hosts in Arizona (Crouch et al. 2021), our study is focused on aspen because the first OSS outbreaks were observed in aspen ecosystems and because of aspen’s importance as a foundation species. Aspen ecosystems in Arizona tend to be small (0.1–25 ha in size), especially compared to more northerly latitudes of aspen’s range (Zegler et al. 2012). Aspen is limited to relatively high elevations (2000–3000 m), where lower temperatures and higher precipitation allow the drought-intolerant species to survive (Perala 1990; Rehfeldt et al. 2009). At lower elevations, small pockets of aspen occur on north-facing slopes or in drainages with increased water availability, and as elevation increases, the aspen component tends to be more abundant and less aspect-limited (Rasmussen 1941; Covington et al. 1983; Merkle 1962; Fairweather et al. 2008; Zegler et al. 2012). In addition to occurring alone in small single-species stands, aspen commonly co-occurs with conifers, including ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) at lower elevations, white pine (Pinus strobiformis or Pinus flexilis var. reflexa) and white fir (Abies concolor) at mid elevations, and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica) and Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) at the highest elevations.

SITE SELECTION

We sampled 220 aspen plots that represent the range of conditions under which aspen exists in Arizona (Fig. 3.2a). These plots were located across seven major areas: North Kaibab (n = 19), South Kaibab (n = 26), Flagstaff (n = 113), Mogollon Rim (n = 13), White Mountains (n = 25), Prescott (n = 17), and Coronado (n = 7) (Fig. 3.2a). All data were collected during the 2020, 2021, and 2022 growing seasons (June – October), when aspen trees had leaves.

To ensure we obtained a representative sample of aspen sites and conditions, we stratified sites across four variables – elevation (≤ 2400 m, > 2400 m); aspect (north/east, south/west); ungulate management (none, fenced exclosure or jackstraw treatment [large piles of woody debris protecting aspen regeneration from ungulate browse]); and fire history (0–2 years post-fire, 2–20 years post-fire, > 20 years post-fire) – resulting in 24 strata. We first sought to obtain one plot for each stratum, which we accomplished for 21 of the 24 strata, before building out a sample that was proportional to how much aspen occurs in each stratum. We assessed aspen’s actual occurrence in each stratum using an observed GIS layer of aspen’s range on three national forest ranger districts surrounding Flagstaff (Flagstaff and Mogollon Rim Ranger Districts on the Coconino National Forest; Williams Ranger District on the Kaibab National Forest) (DePinte 2018). Although this layer covers only three of the nine ranger districts we sampled, it is the most accurate estimation of where aspen occurs in Arizona because it is a fine-scale layer of aspen’s recent presence based on direct observations from an aircraft (DePinte 2018). We compared the proportion of aspen observed on the landscape, based on area from the GIS layer, to the proportion of aspen plots we sampled, based on the number of plots that fell into each of our strata. We succeeded in obtaining a representative sample across elevation, aspect, and fire history, with proportions of aspen observed in each stratum versus aspen sampled differing by less than 7% for each stratum (Crouch 2023).

When possible, we prioritized remeasurement of existing aspen monitoring plots to reduce the number of redundant plots on the landscape and to facilitate research permission on national forest land. Specifically, we revisited plots previously established by the Coconino National Forest (n = 44), the Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest (n = 5), Zegler et al. (2012) (n = 20), and Northern Arizona University’s Ecological Restoration Institute (n = 12). All four of these networks established plots using stratified or completely random sampling, ensuring the locations of these plots lacked bias. We established the remaining 139 plots by identifying aspen stands that filled target strata, standing on the edge of selected stands, laying out a transect longways through those stands, and establishing plots every 30 m along the transects. The Coconino National Forest, Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest, and Ecological Restoration Institute plots were also established along transects with plot spacings ranging from 100 m to 300 m. In contrast, Zegler et al. (2012) established sites at randomly located points within known aspen stands and sampled plots in each of the four cardinal directions 20 m from those points.

FIELD DATA COLLECTION

Each study plot consisted of two fixed-area, circular plots: an overstory plot (8 m radius) and a nested regeneration plot (4 m radius) sharing the same plot center (Zegler et al. 2012). We collected GPS coordinates at the center of each study plot, recorded whether the plot fell in an area of ungulate management (i.e., fenced exclosure or jackstraw treatment), and noted whether there was evidence of recent conifer removal, as indicated by cut conifer stumps present in or directly adjacent to the plot. For a plot to be included in our study, it had to contain at least five live aspen stems between the 8 m overstory and 4 m regeneration plots combined. In the 8 m overstory plot, all trees with dbh > 12.7 cm were measured. In the 4 m regeneration plot, all trees > 0.02 cm in height and < 12.7 cm dbh were measured. In the regeneration plot, we classified stems into three size classes adapted from Zegler et al. (2012): short regeneration (< 1.37 m tall), tall regeneration (> 1.37 m tall and < 5.1 cm dbh), and saplings (5.1–12.7 cm dbh). We considered both tall regeneration and saplings to be recruiting stems (Crouch 2023) and chose a recruitment threshold height of 1.37 m to be consistent with previous studies of aspen juveniles in Arizona (Binkley et al. 2006; Zegler et al. 2012). For all live aspen, we measured height, dbh (except for regeneration and recruits that were < 1 cm dbh), crown dieback ([percentage of dead branches above the bottom of the tree’s live crown] 0%, 1–33%, 34–67%, > 67%), crown ratio (percentage of total height occupied by the tree’s live crown), and OSS presence and severity. We assessed OSS severity using the system devised by Crouch et al. (2021), which rates OSS severity on each tree from ground level to 6 m. Each tree’s stem up to 6 m is divided into thirds, and severity is rated for each 2 m section (or shorter for trees < 6 m tall) on both the north and south sides of the tree. Severity is rated 0–3: 0 = no OSS present (light), 1 = only a handful of OSS present (trace), 2 = OSS covers < 50% of section (light), 3 = OSS covers > 50% of section (severe). For every dead aspen and live tree species other than aspen, we recorded size class and dbh.

For all live aspen in our study plots, we documented the top three damaging agents present on each tree (Zegler et al. 2012). When more than three damaging agents were present, preference was given to agents with the greatest severity of impact (i.e., most likely to cause dieback and mortality) (Zegler et al. 2012). These damaging agents included insects, diseases, ungulate browse, other animal damage, and abiotic damages. For insects and diseases, we grouped individual species into functional groups to facilitate analysis and because some biotic damages (e.g., defoliating insects) were impossible to identify based solely on the damage they caused. These functional groups included sucking and gall-forming insects (excluding OSS), bark beetles, wood-boring insects, defoliating insects, canker-causing diseases, foliar and shoot diseases, and decay diseases (USDA Forest Service 2013; Steed and Burton 2015). We assessed certain cankers individually because of their potential to have outsized impacts on aspen tree health compared to less pathogenic diseases (Hinds 1985; Zegler et al. 2012; Crouch et al. 2023). The cankers we assessed individually were Cytospora canker (caused by Valsa sordida), Hypoxylon canker (caused by Entoleuca mammatum), Ceratocystis canker (caused by Ceratocystis spp.), and sooty bark canker (caused by Encoelia pruinosa). We lumped all abiotic damages together, which included fire scarring of stems, drought scorch on leaves, and chlorosis of leaves. We also assessed animal damage to aspen stems, including browse, ungulate barking (i.e., elk chewing aspen bark), and other animal damage. In addition to directly quantifying ungulate impacts via browse and barking on individual aspen stems, we counted ungulate scat piles within the 8 m overstory plot. We identified scat piles by species (i.e., elk [Cervus canadensis], deer [Odocoileus hemionus or O. virginianus couesi], or cattle [Bos taurus]) and treated piles from the same species as distinct when piles were clearly separated, contained more than three pellets, and differed in color or size (Bunnefeld et al. 2006; Rhodes and St. Clair 2018).

OSS EXTENT

We used OSS observations across the 220 study plots to assess where OSS occurs in Arizona. Specifically, we assessed presence, absence, and abundance of OSS in each plot. OSS abundance, which we also refer to as plot-level abundance, was calculated by assessing the proportion of stems in each plot that were infested by OSS at any level of severity. We also used descriptive statistics to quantify OSS presence and severity across the study plots. At the tree level, we assessed OSS infestation severity across the four aspen size classes (i.e., short regeneration, tall regeneration, saplings, and overstory trees) to determine if there were differences in susceptibility to OSS. We analyzed all data in R version 4.2.1 (R Core Team 2022), using the dplyr package (Wickham et al. 2022) for data manipulation and the ggplot2 package (Wickham 2016) for figure creation.

OSS IMPACTS

We assessed OSS impacts on aspen at both the tree and stand levels. At the tree level, we built univariate regressions to quantify the influence of OSS presence and severity on aspen dieback and crown ratio, which are metrics that capture individual stem health (Schomaker et al. 2007). Tree-level OSS severity was calculated by taking the mean percentage of each category in the rating system (i.e., 1% for 1, 25% for 2, and 75% for 3) and calculating the mean for the six ratings recorded for each tree. We used the nlme package (Pinheiro et al. 2022) to fit four linear mixed-effects models with crown dieback and crown ratio as responses, OSS presence and severity as fixed effects, and the hierarchical, nested structure of our plots (i.e., plots [n=220] within study sites [n=87] within minor areas [n=19] within major areas [n=7]) as random effects. Study site refers to a transect or group of plots that are clustered near each other, whereas minor area refers to a group of such transects or plots in a larger but still confined area (e.g., an individual mountain or fire footprint). To assess OSS impacts at the stand level, we built univariate regressions between plot-level OSS abundance (i.e., proportion of stems infested by OSS) and aspen mortality. We used the nlme package (Pinheiro et al. 2022) to fit six linear mixed-effects models with dead aspen basal area, dead aspen density, and density of dead aspen in each of the four size classes individually as the six response variables. For these stand-level regressions, we fit OSS abundance as the fixed effect and the hierarchical, nested structure of our plots (i.e., plots [n=64] within study sites [n=23] within minor areas [n=9] within major areas [n=4]) as a random effect. Sample sizes differ for these stand-level models compared to the tree-level models because we used only the 64 plots in which OSS occurred for these stand-level models.

FACTORS INFLUENCING OSS ABUNDANCE

To assess drivers of OSS invasions in aspen ecosystems, we collected data representing an array of biotic and abiotic factors that may influence plot-level OSS abundance (Table 3.1). In total, we considered 99 variables across eight categories of potential influencing factors: stand structure, ungulates, other damaging agents, fire, management, site factors, soils, and climate. Although some of these factors (e.g., ungulates) are unlikely drivers of OSS invasions, we included as many potential influencing factors as possible because we have no prior data on which factors drive OSS invasions. Using tree height and diameter data, we calculated basal area of stems > 5.1 cm dbh for live aspen, all OSS host species, and non-host species (Table 3.1). We calculated stem densities (trees ha-1) for live aspen, all host species, and non-host species across each of four stem size classes (i.e., short regeneration, tall regeneration, saplings, and overstory trees). Using the presence/absence data for all damaging agents on each live aspen stem, we calculated the proportion of stems affected by each agent in each plot (Table 3.1).

Using the GPS coordinates we collected at each plot’s center, we calculated elevation, aspect, and slope using a 30 m2 digital elevation model (Table 3.1). We transformed raw aspect into a continuous variable ranging from 0–2 with 0 representing southwest (225°) and 2 representing northeast (45°) (Beers et al. 1966). We also calculated heat load and potential annual direct radiation, two indices that assess site-level temperature based on slope, aspect, and latitude (McCune and Keon 2002). We assessed fire occurrence in each plot for the past 20 years using wildland fire perimeters obtained from the USDA Forest Service Region 3 GIS database (https://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/r3/landmanagement/gis) and prescribed fire perimeters from national forest staff. We assessed fire severity using data obtained from the Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity program (https://www.mtbs.gov/), which provides fire severity data at 30 m resolution. We created categorical variables to represent both fire occurrence and severity in addition to a binary variable for plots that burned twice in the past 20 years (Table 3.1). Finally, we used GPS coordinates and maps obtained from national forest staff to verify whether plots fell inside areas of ungulate management and conifer removal treatments, and we created binary variables for both ungulate management and conifer removal (Table 3.1).

We obtained soils data from SoilGrids (https://www.isric.org/explore/soilgrids), which provides global soil mapping data at 250 m resolution (Poggio et al. 2021). We used 9 of 12 available soil metrics to capture variables that represent soil moisture (e.g., sand content and bulk density), fertility (e.g., cation exchange capacity, nitrogen, and soil organic content), rooting environment (e.g., bulk density, clay content, and coarse fragments), and chemical environment (e.g., soil pH) (Table 3.1). SoilGrids provides data up to 2 m below the surface; however, we aggregated mean values for each variable to a depth of 1 m because most lateral aspen roots occur within the first 1 m of the soil (Jones and DeByle 1985). We obtained climate data from ClimateNA (https://climatena.ca/), which downscales PRISM data (Daly et al. 2008) at 800 m resolution (Wang et al. 2016). Because we expected climate to be an important driver of OSS abundance but had no prior data on which aspects of climate are the most important, we included as many climate variables as possible. Specifically, we obtained variables representing annual and, when available, seasonal degree-days, temperature, precipitation, humidity, evaporation, and drought for the two years preceding when we sampled each plot (Table 3.1). We chose two years because, based on our many years of observing OSS in the field, we assumed that most OSS we observed on trees accumulated in the preceding two years. Although dead OSS are likely capable of lasting even longer on host trees, more recent climate data captures the most recent trends in OSS population abundance.

We used random forests, structural equation modeling (SEM), and stand- and tree-level regressions to determine which biotic and abiotic factors drive OSS invasions. First, we used random forests to determine which of the 99 predictor variables had the strongest influence on plot-level OSS abundance. Random forests are a useful tool for assessing variable importance in regression and classification settings among an array of potential predictors (Breiman 2001). Specifically, we used the VSURF package (Genuer et al. 2015), which used 50 random forest runs, each of which was built using 2000 trees, to rank variable importance for each of our three response variables. VSURF is robust in noisy, high dimensional settings and in the presence of highly correlated predictors (Genuer et al. 2010). VSURF outputs a ranked list of variables based on importance, which is calculated using out-of-box mean square error for each tree. We used this ranked list of variables when building SEMs and assessing univariate relationships between influencing factors and OSS abundance. We also used the climate variables in this list to search for climatic thresholds beyond which OSS does not occur in Arizona.

Once we obtained a list of the most important variables influencing OSS abundance, we used SEM to assess how those variables and their interactions affect OSS abundance. SEM is an insightful tool for ecological research because it allows the user to build models based on theoretical understanding of an ecological system, resulting in a network of causal, multivariate relationships with a complete accounting of direct and indirect relationships and the relative strengths of those relationships (Grace 2006; Lefcheck 2016). Our first step in building an SEM was to construct an a priori model based on our theoretical understanding of how biotic and abiotic factors might influence OSS. This a priori model (Fig. 3.3) accounted for all 99 variables that potentially influence OSS abundance using the eight categories of influencing factors (i.e., stand structure, ungulates, other damaging agents, fire, management, site factors, soils, and climate). We then built a “full” SEM, which included the highest ranked variable based on random forests from each of the eight categories of influencing factors (Table 3.1). We used a combination of backward and forward selection to optimize model fit (using AIC and Fisher’s C statistic) and maximize explanatory power (using R2 of the response variable). This optimization process included removing variables with low significance in the model and adding in more than one variable per category (e.g., adding a second climate variable) when two variables from one category had high importance values based on random forests. We also tested how swapping in one variable to replace another variable of the same category (i.e., replacing fire severity with fire strata) affected the model. We used the piecewiseSEM package to build our SEMs because this package accommodates use of mixed-effects models (Lefcheck 2016). For the individual regressions that underlie piecewiseSEM, we used the lme4 package (Bates et al. 2015) to fit linear mixed-effects models with the hierarchical, nested structure of our plots modeled as random effects.

We also fit stand- and tree-level regressions to assess how various factors influence OSS presence and severity. At the stand level, we took the top 25 factors influencing OSS abundance based on random forests and built univariate regressions to quantify relationship direction, strength, and significance. For these models, we used the nlme package (Pinheiro et al. 2022) to fit linear mixed-effects models with plot-level OSS abundance as the response, the 25 individual influencing factors as fixed effects, and the hierarchical, nested structure of our plots as random effects. At the tree level, we built univariate regressions to determine the influence of aspen tree size on OSS presence and severity. We used the nlme package (Pinheiro et al. 2022) to fit eight linear mixed-effects models with OSS presence and severity as responses, with dbh, height, height-to-diameter ratio, and size class as fixed effects, and with the hierarchical, nested structure of our plots as random effects. Because size class is a categorical variable with four levels, we also used the “anova” function in R (R Core Team, 2022) to conduct one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), allowing us to test for significant differences in OSS presence and severity among the four size classes. When ANOVA found a significant (α = 0.05) difference between size classes, we used the emmeans (Lenth, 2022), multcomp (Hothorn et al. 2008), and multcompView (Graves et al. 2019) packages to conduct post-hoc Tukey-adjusted pairwise comparisons and determine which size classes significantly differed. We used these same ANOVA procedures to compare height-to-diameter ratios inside versus outside areas of ungulate management to assess how these treatments influence aspen growth.

People and Organizations

Publishers:
Organization:Environmental Data Initiative
Email Address:
info@edirepository.org
Web Address:
https://edirepository.org
Id:https://ror.org/0330j0z60
Creators:
Individual: Connor D Crouch
Organization:USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station
Email Address:
connor.crouch@usda.gov
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0353-5820
Individual: Kristen M Waring
Organization:School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University
Email Address:
kristen.waring@nau.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9935-9432
Individual: Amanda M Grady
Organization:USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, Arizona Zone
Individual: Nicholas P Wilhelmi
Organization:USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, Arizona Zone
Individual: Richard W Hofstetter
Organization:School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University
Individual: Margaret M Moore
Organization:School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University
Contacts:
Individual: Connor D Crouch
Organization:USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station
Email Address:
connor.crouch@usda.gov
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0353-5820
Individual: Kristen M Waring
Organization:School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University
Email Address:
kristen.waring@nau.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9935-9432

Temporal, Geographic and Taxonomic Coverage

Temporal, Geographic and/or Taxonomic information that applies to all data in this dataset:

Time Period
Begin:
2020-05-01
End:
2023-05-12
Geographic Region:
Description:Data collected in aspen monitoring plots on national forest land across Arizona, USA.
Bounding Coordinates:
Northern:  36.6Southern:  32.4
Western:  -112.5Eastern:  -109.1
Taxonomic Range:
Classification:
Rank Name:Kingdom
Rank Value:Animalia
Common Name:animals
Identifer:https://www.itis.gov
ID: 202423
Classification:
Rank Name:Subkingdom
Rank Value:Bilateria
Identifer:https://www.itis.gov
ID: 914154
Classification:
Rank Name:Infrakingdom
Rank Value:Protostomia
Identifer:https://www.itis.gov
ID: 914155
Classification:
Rank Name:Superphylum
Rank Value:Ecdysozoa
Identifer:https://www.itis.gov
ID: 914158
Classification:
Rank Name:Phylum
Rank Value:Arthropoda
Common Name:arthropods
Identifer:https://www.itis.gov
ID: 82696
Classification:
Rank Name:Subphylum
Rank Value:Hexapoda
Common Name:hexapods
Identifer:https://www.itis.gov
ID: 563886
Classification:
Rank Name:Class
Rank Value:Insecta
Common Name:insects
Identifer:https://www.itis.gov
ID: 99208
Classification:
Rank Name:Subclass
Rank Value:Pterygota
Common Name:winged insects
Identifer:https://www.itis.gov
ID: 100500
Classification:
Rank Name:Infraclass
Rank Value:Neoptera
Common Name:modern, wing-folding insects
Identifer:https://www.itis.gov
ID: 563890
Classification:
Rank Name:Superorder
Rank Value:Paraneoptera
Identifer:https://www.itis.gov
ID: 914214
Classification:
Rank Name:Order
Rank Value:Hemiptera
Common Name:true bugs
Identifer:https://www.itis.gov
ID: 103359
Classification:
Rank Name:Suborder
Rank Value:Sternorrhyncha
Identifer:https://www.itis.gov
ID: 109185
Classification:
Rank Name:Superfamily
Rank Value:Coccoidea
Common Name:coccids
Identifer:https://www.itis.gov
ID: 109195
Classification:
Rank Name:Family
Rank Value:Diaspididae
Common Name:armoured scales
Identifer:https://www.itis.gov
ID: 109198
Classification:
Rank Name:Genus
Rank Value:Lepidosaphes
Identifer:https://www.itis.gov
ID: 200778
Classification:
Rank Name:Species
Rank Value:Lepidosaphes ulmi
Common Name:oystershell scale
Identifer:https://www.itis.gov
ID: 200793
Taxonomic Range:
Classification:
Rank Name:Kingdom
Rank Value:Plantae
Common Name:plants
Identifer:https://www.itis.gov
ID: 202422
Classification:
Rank Name:Subkingdom
Rank Value:Viridiplantae
Common Name:green plants
Identifer:https://www.itis.gov
ID: 954898
Classification:
Rank Name:Infrakingdom
Rank Value:Streptophyta
Common Name:land plants
Identifer:https://www.itis.gov
ID: 846494
Classification:
Rank Name:Division
Rank Value:Tracheophyta
Common Name:vascular plants
Identifer:https://www.itis.gov
ID: 846496
Classification:
Rank Name:Subdivision
Rank Value:Spermatophytina
Common Name:spermatophytes
Identifer:https://www.itis.gov
ID: 846504
Classification:
Rank Name:Class
Rank Value:Magnoliopsida
Identifer:https://www.itis.gov
ID: 18063
Classification:
Rank Name:Superorder
Rank Value:Rosanae
Identifer:https://www.itis.gov
ID: 846548
Classification:
Rank Name:Order
Rank Value:Malpighiales
Identifer:https://www.itis.gov
ID: 822428
Classification:
Rank Name:Family
Rank Value:Salicaceae
Common Name:willows
Identifer:https://www.itis.gov
ID: 22443
Classification:
Rank Name:Genus
Rank Value:Populus
Common Name:cottonwood
Identifer:https://www.itis.gov
ID: 22444
Classification:
Rank Name:Species
Rank Value:Populus tremuloides
Common Name:quaking aspen
Identifer:https://www.itis.gov
ID: 195773

Project

Parent Project Information:

Title:Regeneration and recruitment for resilience: sustaining aspen ecosystems threatened by climate change, ungulate browse, and oystershell scale
Personnel:
Individual: Connor D Crouch
Organization:USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station
Email Address:
connor.crouch@usda.gov
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0353-5820
Role:Graduate Research Assistant
Individual: Kristen M Waring
Organization:School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University
Email Address:
kristen.waring@nau.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9935-9432
Role:Principal Investigator

Maintenance

Maintenance:
Description:

Data collection is complete. A 5-year rolling re-measurement of study plots is planned to begin summer 2025.

Frequency:
Other Metadata

Additional Metadata

additionalMetadata
        |___text '\n      '
        |___element 'metadata'
        |     |___text '\n         '
        |     |___element 'unitList'
        |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___element 'unit'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'id' = 'trees per hectare'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'name' = 'trees per hectare'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n               '
        |     |     |     |___element 'description'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___element 'unit'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'id' = 'grams per kilogram'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'name' = 'grams per kilogram'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n               '
        |     |     |     |___element 'description'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___element 'unit'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'id' = 'cubic centimeters per cubic decimeter'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'name' = 'cubic centimeters per cubic decimeter'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n               '
        |     |     |     |___element 'description'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___element 'unit'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'id' = 'unitless index (annual degree-days above 5°C ÷ annual precipitation)'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'name' = 'unitless index (annual degree-days above 5°C ÷ annual precipitation)'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n               '
        |     |     |     |___element 'description'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___element 'unit'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'id' = 'unitless scale ranging from 0-2 (0=225°, 1=135° or 315°, 2=45°)'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'name' = 'unitless scale ranging from 0-2 (0=225°, 1=135° or 315°, 2=45°)'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n               '
        |     |     |     |___element 'description'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___element 'unit'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'id' = 'decigrams per kilogram'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'name' = 'decigrams per kilogram'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n               '
        |     |     |     |___element 'description'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___element 'unit'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'id' = 'centigrams per kilogram'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'name' = 'centigrams per kilogram'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n               '
        |     |     |     |___element 'description'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___element 'unit'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'id' = 'pHx10'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'name' = 'pHx10'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n               '
        |     |     |     |___element 'description'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___element 'unit'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'id' = 'centigrams per cubic centimeter'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'name' = 'centigrams per cubic centimeter'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n               '
        |     |     |     |___element 'description'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___element 'unit'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'id' = 'megajoule per centimeter squared per year'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'name' = 'megajoule per centimeter squared per year'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n               '
        |     |     |     |___element 'description'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___element 'unit'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'id' = 'proportion of aspen stems affected'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'name' = 'proportion of aspen stems affected'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n               '
        |     |     |     |___element 'description'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___element 'unit'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'id' = 'unitless index SHM'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'name' = 'unitless index SHM'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n               '
        |     |     |     |___element 'description'
        |     |     |     |     |___text 'equation = warmest month temperature ÷ (summer precipitation ÷ 1000)'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___element 'unit'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'id' = 'unitless index AHM'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'name' = 'unitless index AHM'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n               '
        |     |     |     |___element 'description'
        |     |     |     |     |___text 'equation = (annual temperature + 10) ÷ (annual precipitation ÷ 1000)'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___element 'unit'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'id' = 'number of degree-days'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'name' = 'number of degree-days'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n               '
        |     |     |     |___element 'description'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___element 'unit'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'id' = 'number of days'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'name' = 'number of days'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n               '
        |     |     |     |___element 'description'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___element 'unit'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'id' = 'density per hectare'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'name' = 'density per hectare'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n               '
        |     |     |     |___element 'description'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___element 'unit'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'id' = 'numerical, ranging from 0 to 18'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'name' = 'numerical, ranging from 0 to 18'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n               '
        |     |     |     |___element 'description'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___text '\n         '
        |     |___text '\n      '
        |___text '\n   '

Additional Metadata

additionalMetadata
        |___text '\n      '
        |___element 'metadata'
        |     |___text '\n         '
        |     |___element 'emlEditor'
        |     |        \___attribute 'app' = 'ezEML'
        |     |        \___attribute 'release' = '2024.02.21'
        |     |___text '\n      '
        |___text '\n   '

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