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Lake exposure to wildfire smoke in North America, 2019-2021

General Information
Data Package:
Local Identifier:edi.1604.2
Title:Lake exposure to wildfire smoke in North America, 2019-2021
Alternate Identifier:DOI PLACE HOLDER
Abstract:

Wildfire activity is increasing globally. The resulting smoke plumes can travel hundreds to thousands of kilometers, reflecting or scattering sunlight and depositing ash within ecosystems. Several key physical, chemical, and biological processes in lakes are controlled by factors affected by smoke. The spatial and temporal scales of lake exposure to smoke are extensive and underrecognized. We introduce the concept of the lake smoke-day, or the number of days any given lake is exposed to smoke in any given fire season, and quantify the total lake smoke-day exposure in North America from 2019-2021. Because smoke can be transported at continental to intercontinental scales, even regions that may not typically experience direct burning of landscapes by wildfire are at risk of smoke exposure. We found that 99.3% of North America was covered by smoke, affecting a total of 1,333,687 lakes >=10 ha. An incredible 98.9% of lakes experienced at least 10 smoke-days a year, with 89.6% of lakes receiving over 30 lake smoke-days, and lakes in some regions experiencing up to 4 months of cumulative smoke-days. Herein we review the mechanisms through which smoke and ash can affect lakes by altering the amount and spectral composition of incoming solar radiation and depositing carbon, nutrients, or toxic compounds that could alter chemical conditions and impact biota. We develop a conceptual framework that synthesizes known and theoretical impacts of smoke on lakes to guide future research. Finally, we identify emerging research priorities that can help us better understand how lakes will be affected by smoke as wildfire activity increases due to climate change and other anthropogenic activities.

Publication Date:2024-04-13
For more information:
Visit: DOI PLACE HOLDER

Time Period
Begin:
2019
End:
2021

People and Organizations
Contact:Farruggia, Mary Jade (University of California Davis) [  email ]
Creator:Farruggia, Mary Jade (University of California Davis)
Creator:Brahney, Janice (Utah State University)
Creator:Tanentzap, Andrew J (Trent University; University of Cambridge)
Creator:Brentrup, Jennifer A (Minnesota Pollution Control Agency)
Creator:Brighenti, Ludmila S (Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais)
Creator:Chandra, Sudeep (University of Nevada Reno)
Creator:Cortés, Alicia (University of California Davis)
Creator:Fernandez, Rocio L (National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina)
Creator:Fischer, Janet M (Franklin & Marshall College)
Creator:Forrest, Alexander L (University of California Davis)
Creator:Jin, Yufang (University of California Davis)
Creator:Larrieu, Kenneth (University of California Davis)
Creator:McCullough, Ian M (Michigan State University)
Creator:Oleksy, Isabella A (University of Colorado Boulder)
Creator:Pilla, Rachel M (Oak Ridge National Laboratory)
Creator:Rusak, James L (Queen's University)
Creator:Scordo, Facundo (Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina)
Creator:Smits, Adrianne P (University of California Davis)
Creator:Symons, Celia C (University of California Irvine)
Creator:Tang, Minmeng (Cornell University)
Creator:Woodman, Samuel G (University of Cambridge)
Creator:Sadro, Steven (University of California Davis)

Data Entities
Data Table Name:
weekly_smoke_2019_df
Description:
2019 smoke exposure by week, for each lake, by smoke density category.
Data Table Name:
weekly_smoke_2020_df
Description:
2020 smoke exposure by week, for each lake, by smoke density category.
Data Table Name:
weekly_smoke_2021_df
Description:
2021 smoke exposure by week, for each lake, by smoke density category.
Data Table Name:
Days_influenced_each_lake
Description:
Smoke density by lake ID
Data Table Name:
Lakes_influenced_each_day
Description:
Count of lake exposure to smoke, by smoke density
Data Table Name:
smoke_covered_area
Description:
Smoke covered area in North America, by year and region
Data Table Name:
smoke_burned_covered_area
Description:
Area burned and area covered by smoke in North America. Derived from MODIS MCD64A1: L. Giglio, C. Justice, L. Boschetti, D. Roy. 2021. MCD64A1 MODIS/Terra+Aqua Burned Area Monthly L3 Global 500m SIN Grid V061. NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC. https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MCD64A1.061
Other Name:
NA_hex_grid_5000km2
Description:
5000km2 hexagon map of N. America
Other Name:
NA_lakes_smoke_total_valid
Description:
For each lake the number of days under each smoke severity level (no, low, medium, high) are reported across North America for 2019 to 2021. Lake polygons were processed using the makeValid function from the R terra package (v.1.7.1.71) to correct invalid geometries.
Other Name:
figure_code
Description:
R code to generate Figures 1-3 in the corresponding publication, "Wildfire smoke affects lake ecosystems".
Detailed Metadata

Data Entities

Data Table

Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/1604/2/de36f0608d6f7ffb638e2c7f04acb5d2
Name:weekly_smoke_2019_df
Description:2019 smoke exposure by week, for each lake, by smoke density category.
Number of Records:26718999
Number of Columns:9

Table Structure
Object Name:weekly_smoke_2019_df_2.csv
Size:795463301 byte
Authentication:c9f0848a6cc7c4cbb7be6c762cacd761 Calculated By MD5
Text Format:
Number of Header Lines:1
Record Delimiter:\r\n
Orientation:column
Simple Delimited:
Field Delimiter:,
Quote Character:"

Table Column Descriptions
 idyearweekno_smokelow_smokehigh_smokemed_smokeelevationarea
Column Name:id  
year  
week  
no_smoke  
low_smoke  
high_smoke  
med_smoke  
elevation  
area  
Definition:Lake ID, which corresponds to lake IDs from the HydroLAKES dataset (https://www.hydrosheds.org/products/hydrolakes)yearweek of the calendar yearNumber of days in the week that have a smoke density value of 0. Smoke density value is from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hazard Mapping System Fire and Smoke Product, in units of micrograms per cubic meter for the total atmospheric column. Smoke density is a categorical variable based on broad categories of smoke density, where no smoke is 0 micrograms/m3, light density smoke is 5 micrograms/m3, medium density smoke is 16 micrograms/m3 and thick density smoke is 27 micrograms/m3.Number of days in the week with a low smoke density. Smoke density value is from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hazard Mapping System Fire and Smoke Product, in units of micrograms per cubic meter for the total atmospheric column. Smoke density is a categorical variable based on broad categories of smoke density, where no smoke is 0 micrograms/m3, light density smoke is 5 micrograms/m3, medium density smoke is 16 micrograms/m3 and thick density smoke is 27 micrograms/m3.Number of days in the week with a high smoke density. Smoke density value is from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hazard Mapping System Fire and Smoke Product, in units of micrograms per cubic meter for the total atmospheric column. Smoke density is a categorical variable based on broad categories of smoke density, where no smoke is 0 micrograms/m3, light density smoke is 5 micrograms/m3, medium density smoke is 16 micrograms/m3 and thick density smoke is 27 micrograms/m3.Number of days in the week with a medium smoke density. Smoke density value is from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hazard Mapping System Fire and Smoke Product, in units of micrograms per cubic meter for the total atmospheric column. Smoke density is a categorical variable based on broad categories of smoke density, where no smoke is 0 micrograms/m3, light density smoke is 5 micrograms/m3, medium density smoke is 16 micrograms/m3 and thick density smoke is 27 micrograms/m3.elevation of lakesurface area of lake
Storage Type:float  
dateTime  
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float  
float  
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float  
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Measurement Type:ratiodateTimeratioratioratioratioratioratioratio
Measurement Values Domain:
UnitLake ID
Typeinteger
FormatYYYY
Precision
Unitnumber
Typeinteger
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitmeter
Typereal
UnitkilometerSquared
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Missing Value Code:              
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Accuracy Report:                  
Accuracy Assessment:                  
Coverage:                  
Methods:                  

Data Table

Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/1604/2/71a56980a18ec36585650828023ba6c8
Name:weekly_smoke_2020_df
Description:2020 smoke exposure by week, for each lake, by smoke density category.
Number of Records:52422999
Number of Columns:9

Table Structure
Object Name:weekly_smoke_2020_df_3.csv
Size:1569532163 byte
Authentication:45f60f81f64c73d4399b75fbe66a13ff Calculated By MD5
Text Format:
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Orientation:column
Simple Delimited:
Field Delimiter:,
Quote Character:"

Table Column Descriptions
 idyearweekno_smokelow_smokemed_smokehigh_smokeelevationarea
Column Name:id  
year  
week  
no_smoke  
low_smoke  
med_smoke  
high_smoke  
elevation  
area  
Definition:Lake ID, which corresponds to lake IDs from the HydroLAKES dataset (https://www.hydrosheds.org/products/hydrolakes)yearweek of the calendar yearNumber of days in the week that have a smoke density value of 0. Smoke density value is from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hazard Mapping System Fire and Smoke Product, in units of micrograms per cubic meter for the total atmospheric column. Smoke density is a categorical variable based on broad categories of smoke density, where no smoke is 0 micrograms/m3, light density smoke is 5 micrograms/m3, medium density smoke is 16 micrograms/m3 and thick density smoke is 27 micrograms/m3.Number of days in the week with a low smoke density. Smoke density value is from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hazard Mapping System Fire and Smoke Product, in units of micrograms per cubic meter for the total atmospheric column. Smoke density is a categorical variable based on broad categories of smoke density, where no smoke is 0 micrograms/m3, light density smoke is 5 micrograms/m3, medium density smoke is 16 micrograms/m3 and thick density smoke is 27 micrograms/m3.Number of days in the week with a medium smoke density. Smoke density value is from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hazard Mapping System Fire and Smoke Product, in units of micrograms per cubic meter for the total atmospheric column. Smoke density is a categorical variable based on broad categories of smoke density, where no smoke is 0 micrograms/m3, light density smoke is 5 micrograms/m3, medium density smoke is 16 micrograms/m3 and thick density smoke is 27 micrograms/m3.Number of days in the week with a high smoke density. Smoke density value is from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hazard Mapping System Fire and Smoke Product, in units of micrograms per cubic meter for the total atmospheric column. Smoke density is a categorical variable based on broad categories of smoke density, where no smoke is 0 micrograms/m3, light density smoke is 5 micrograms/m3, medium density smoke is 16 micrograms/m3 and thick density smoke is 27 micrograms/m3.elevation of lakesurface area of lake
Storage Type:float  
dateTime  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
Measurement Type:ratiodateTimeratioratioratioratioratioratioratio
Measurement Values Domain:
UnitLake ID
Typeinteger
FormatYYYY
Precision
Unitnumber
Typeinteger
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitmeter
Typereal
UnitkilometerSquared
Typereal
Missing Value Code:              
CodeNA
Explnot available
CodeNA
Explnot available
Accuracy Report:                  
Accuracy Assessment:                  
Coverage:                  
Methods:                  

Data Table

Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/1604/2/65c4a6dfb41a54c20d30e8e4fcbf9155
Name:weekly_smoke_2021_df
Description:2021 smoke exposure by week, for each lake, by smoke density category.
Number of Records:72189604
Number of Columns:9

Table Structure
Object Name:weekly_smoke_2021_df_3.csv
Size:2189335646 byte
Authentication:12efb17dd16061a829b51168382f8f72 Calculated By MD5
Text Format:
Number of Header Lines:1
Record Delimiter:\r\n
Orientation:column
Simple Delimited:
Field Delimiter:,
Quote Character:"

Table Column Descriptions
 idyearweekno_smokelow_smokehigh_smokemed_smokeelevationarea
Column Name:id  
year  
week  
no_smoke  
low_smoke  
high_smoke  
med_smoke  
elevation  
area  
Definition:Lake ID, which corresponds to lake IDs from the HydroLAKES dataset (https://www.hydrosheds.org/products/hydrolakes)yearweek of the calendar yearNumber of days in the week that have a smoke density value of 0. Smoke density value is from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hazard Mapping System Fire and Smoke Product, in units of micrograms per cubic meter for the total atmospheric column. Smoke density is a categorical variable based on broad categories of smoke density, where no smoke is 0 micrograms/m3, light density smoke is 5 micrograms/m3, medium density smoke is 16 micrograms/m3 and thick density smoke is 27 micrograms/m3.Number of days in the week with a low smoke density. Smoke density value is from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hazard Mapping System Fire and Smoke Product, in units of micrograms per cubic meter for the total atmospheric column. Smoke density is a categorical variable based on broad categories of smoke density, where no smoke is 0 micrograms/m3, light density smoke is 5 micrograms/m3, medium density smoke is 16 micrograms/m3 and thick density smoke is 27 micrograms/m3.Number of days in the week with a high smoke density. Smoke density value is from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hazard Mapping System Fire and Smoke Product, in units of micrograms per cubic meter for the total atmospheric column. Smoke density is a categorical variable based on broad categories of smoke density, where no smoke is 0 micrograms/m3, light density smoke is 5 micrograms/m3, medium density smoke is 16 micrograms/m3 and thick density smoke is 27 micrograms/m3.Number of days in the week with a medium smoke density. Smoke density value is from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hazard Mapping System Fire and Smoke Product, in units of micrograms per cubic meter for the total atmospheric column. Smoke density is a categorical variable based on broad categories of smoke density, where no smoke is 0 micrograms/m3, light density smoke is 5 micrograms/m3, medium density smoke is 16 micrograms/m3 and thick density smoke is 27 micrograms/m3.elevation of lakesurface area of lake
Storage Type:float  
dateTime  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
Measurement Type:ratiodateTimeratioratioratioratioratioratioratio
Measurement Values Domain:
UnitLake ID
Typeinteger
FormatYYYY
Precision
Unitnumber
Typeinteger
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitmeter
Typereal
UnitkilometerSquared
Typereal
Missing Value Code:              
CodeNA
Explnot available
CodeNA
Explnot available
Accuracy Report:                  
Accuracy Assessment:                  
Coverage:                  
Methods:                  

Data Table

Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/1604/2/59fbaf6236df3bdb2250e5bb93b03b8f
Name:Days_influenced_each_lake
Description:Smoke density by lake ID
Number of Records:1338844
Number of Columns:18

Table Structure
Object Name:Days_influenced_each_lake_2.csv
Size:80263071 byte
Authentication:640e10578e8da7e4cbe2a41066a13e51 Calculated By MD5
Text Format:
Number of Header Lines:1
Record Delimiter:\r\n
Orientation:column
Simple Delimited:
Field Delimiter:,
Quote Character:"

Table Column Descriptions
 idelevationareano_smokelow_smokemed_smokehigh_smokesmoke_2019no_smokelow_smokemed_smokehigh_smokesmoke_2020no_smokelow_smokemed_smokehigh_smokesmoke_2021
Column Name:id  
elevation  
area  
no_2019  
low_2019  
med_2019  
high_2019  
smoke_2019  
no_2020  
low_2020  
med_2020  
high_2020  
smoke_2020  
no_2021  
low_2021  
med_2021  
high_2021  
smoke_2021  
Definition:Lake ID, which corresponds to lake IDs from the HydroLAKES dataset (https://www.hydrosheds.org/products/hydrolakes)elevation of lakesurface area of lakeNumber of days in the week that have a smoke density value of 0. Smoke density value is from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hazard Mapping System Fire and Smoke Product, in units of micrograms per cubic meter for the total atmospheric column. Smoke density is a categorical variable based on broad categories of smoke density, where no smoke is 0 micrograms/m3, light density smoke is 5 micrograms/m3, medium density smoke is 16 micrograms/m3 and thick density smoke is 27 micrograms/m3.Number of days in the week with a low smoke density. Smoke density value is from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hazard Mapping System Fire and Smoke Product, in units of micrograms per cubic meter for the total atmospheric column. Smoke density is a categorical variable based on broad categories of smoke density, where no smoke is 0 micrograms/m3, light density smoke is 5 micrograms/m3, medium density smoke is 16 micrograms/m3 and thick density smoke is 27 micrograms/m3.Number of days in the week with a medium smoke density. Smoke density value is from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hazard Mapping System Fire and Smoke Product, in units of micrograms per cubic meter for the total atmospheric column. Smoke density is a categorical variable based on broad categories of smoke density, where no smoke is 0 micrograms/m3, light density smoke is 5 micrograms/m3, medium density smoke is 16 micrograms/m3 and thick density smoke is 27 micrograms/m3.Number of days in the week with a high smoke density. Smoke density value is from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hazard Mapping System Fire and Smoke Product, in units of micrograms per cubic meter for the total atmospheric column. Smoke density is a categorical variable based on broad categories of smoke density, where no smoke is 0 micrograms/m3, light density smoke is 5 micrograms/m3, medium density smoke is 16 micrograms/m3 and thick density smoke is 27 micrograms/m3.Number of smoke days (any density) in 2019 at a given lakeNumber of days in the week that have a smoke density value of 0. Smoke density value is from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hazard Mapping System Fire and Smoke Product, in units of micrograms per cubic meter for the total atmospheric column. Smoke density is a categorical variable based on broad categories of smoke density, where no smoke is 0 micrograms/m3, light density smoke is 5 micrograms/m3, medium density smoke is 16 micrograms/m3 and thick density smoke is 27 micrograms/m3.Number of days in the week with a low smoke density. Smoke density value is from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hazard Mapping System Fire and Smoke Product, in units of micrograms per cubic meter for the total atmospheric column. Smoke density is a categorical variable based on broad categories of smoke density, where no smoke is 0 micrograms/m3, light density smoke is 5 micrograms/m3, medium density smoke is 16 micrograms/m3 and thick density smoke is 27 micrograms/m3.Number of days in the week with a medium smoke density. Smoke density value is from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hazard Mapping System Fire and Smoke Product, in units of micrograms per cubic meter for the total atmospheric column. Smoke density is a categorical variable based on broad categories of smoke density, where no smoke is 0 micrograms/m3, light density smoke is 5 micrograms/m3, medium density smoke is 16 micrograms/m3 and thick density smoke is 27 micrograms/m3.Number of days in the week with a high smoke density. Smoke density value is from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hazard Mapping System Fire and Smoke Product, in units of micrograms per cubic meter for the total atmospheric column. Smoke density is a categorical variable based on broad categories of smoke density, where no smoke is 0 micrograms/m3, light density smoke is 5 micrograms/m3, medium density smoke is 16 micrograms/m3 and thick density smoke is 27 micrograms/m3.Number of smoke days (any density) in 2020 at a given lakeNumber of days in the week that have a smoke density value of 0. Smoke density value is from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hazard Mapping System Fire and Smoke Product, in units of micrograms per cubic meter for the total atmospheric column. Smoke density is a categorical variable based on broad categories of smoke density, where no smoke is 0 micrograms/m3, light density smoke is 5 micrograms/m3, medium density smoke is 16 micrograms/m3 and thick density smoke is 27 micrograms/m3.Number of days in the week with a low smoke density. Smoke density value is from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hazard Mapping System Fire and Smoke Product, in units of micrograms per cubic meter for the total atmospheric column. Smoke density is a categorical variable based on broad categories of smoke density, where no smoke is 0 micrograms/m3, light density smoke is 5 micrograms/m3, medium density smoke is 16 micrograms/m3 and thick density smoke is 27 micrograms/m3.Number of days in the week with a medium smoke density. Smoke density value is from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hazard Mapping System Fire and Smoke Product, in units of micrograms per cubic meter for the total atmospheric column. Smoke density is a categorical variable based on broad categories of smoke density, where no smoke is 0 micrograms/m3, light density smoke is 5 micrograms/m3, medium density smoke is 16 micrograms/m3 and thick density smoke is 27 micrograms/m3.Number of days in the week with a high smoke density. Smoke density value is from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hazard Mapping System Fire and Smoke Product, in units of micrograms per cubic meter for the total atmospheric column. Smoke density is a categorical variable based on broad categories of smoke density, where no smoke is 0 micrograms/m3, light density smoke is 5 micrograms/m3, medium density smoke is 16 micrograms/m3 and thick density smoke is 27 micrograms/m3.Number of smoke days (any density) in 2021 at a given lake
Storage Type:float  
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Measurement Type:ratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratio
Measurement Values Domain:
UnitLake ID
Typeinteger
Unitmeter
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UnitkilometerSquared
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Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
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Unitnumber
Typereal
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Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
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Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Missing Value Code:  
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CodeNA
Explnot available
                              
Accuracy Report:                                    
Accuracy Assessment:                                    
Coverage:                                    
Methods:                                    

Data Table

Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/1604/2/2286f5be396ea28b239d79066d4829bd
Name:Lakes_influenced_each_day
Description:Count of lake exposure to smoke, by smoke density
Number of Records:1050
Number of Columns:10

Table Structure
Object Name:Lakes_influenced_each_day.csv
Size:61328 byte
Authentication:255e40e1ae2e1996a605048fd4c399da Calculated By MD5
Text Format:
Number of Header Lines:1
Record Delimiter:\n
Orientation:column
Simple Delimited:
Field Delimiter:,
Quote Character:"

Table Column Descriptions
 indexno_smokelow_smokemed_smokehigh_smokeyearmonthdayJulian_day
Column Name:index  
no_smoke  
low  
med  
high  
year  
month  
day  
Julian_day  
country  
Definition:Date, in YYYYMMDDNumber of days in the week that have a smoke density value of 0. Smoke density value is from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hazard Mapping System Fire and Smoke Product, in units of micrograms per cubic meter for the total atmospheric column. Smoke density is a categorical variable based on broad categories of smoke density, where no smoke is 0 micrograms/m3, light density smoke is 5 micrograms/m3, medium density smoke is 16 micrograms/m3 and thick density smoke is 27 micrograms/m3.Number of days in the week with a low smoke density. Smoke density value is from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hazard Mapping System Fire and Smoke Product, in units of micrograms per cubic meter for the total atmospheric column. Smoke density is a categorical variable based on broad categories of smoke density, where no smoke is 0 micrograms/m3, light density smoke is 5 micrograms/m3, medium density smoke is 16 micrograms/m3 and thick density smoke is 27 micrograms/m3.Number of days in the week with a medium smoke density. Smoke density value is from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hazard Mapping System Fire and Smoke Product, in units of micrograms per cubic meter for the total atmospheric column. Smoke density is a categorical variable based on broad categories of smoke density, where no smoke is 0 micrograms/m3, light density smoke is 5 micrograms/m3, medium density smoke is 16 micrograms/m3 and thick density smoke is 27 micrograms/m3.Number of days in the week with a high smoke density. Smoke density value is from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hazard Mapping System Fire and Smoke Product, in units of micrograms per cubic meter for the total atmospheric column. Smoke density is a categorical variable based on broad categories of smoke density, where no smoke is 0 micrograms/m3, light density smoke is 5 micrograms/m3, medium density smoke is 16 micrograms/m3 and thick density smoke is 27 micrograms/m3.Date, year onlyDate, month onlyDate, day onlyJulian DayContinent on which lake is located
Storage Type:dateTime  
float  
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float  
float  
dateTime  
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float  
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Measurement Type:dateTimeratioratioratioratiodateTimeratioratiorationominal
Measurement Values Domain:
FormatYYYYMMDD
Precision
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
FormatYYYY
Precision
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typeinteger
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Codenorth_america
Definitioncontinent on which lake is located
Source
Missing Value Code:                    
Accuracy Report:                    
Accuracy Assessment:                    
Coverage:                    
Methods:                    

Data Table

Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/1604/2/d6bb97c37bb6b1f61844d81f33faff6e
Name:smoke_covered_area
Description:Smoke covered area in North America, by year and region
Number of Records:12
Number of Columns:5

Table Structure
Object Name:smoke_covered_area.csv
Size:625 byte
Authentication:a2b83eb3f961c408703eb199e8d9a363 Calculated By MD5
Text Format:
Number of Header Lines:1
Record Delimiter:\r\n
Orientation:column
Simple Delimited:
Field Delimiter:,
Quote Character:"

Table Column Descriptions
 RegionYearsmoke_area_km2total_area_km2percent_area_smoke_covered
Column Name:Region  
Year  
smoke_area_km2  
total_area_km2  
percent_area_smoke_covered  
Definition:RegionDate, year onlyArea of land covered by smoke in a given year and regionArea of land in a given year and regionPercent area of land covered by smoke in a given year and region
Storage Type:string  
dateTime  
float  
float  
float  
Measurement Type:nominaldateTimeratioratioratio
Measurement Values Domain:
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
CodeCAN
DefinitionCanada
Source
Code Definition
CodeMEX
DefinitionMexico
Source
Code Definition
CodeNORTH AMERICA
DefinitionNorth America
Source
Code Definition
CodeUSA
DefinitionUnited States of America
Source
FormatYYYY
Precision
UnitkilometerSquared
Typereal
UnitkilometerSquared
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Missing Value Code:          
Accuracy Report:          
Accuracy Assessment:          
Coverage:          
Methods:          

Data Table

Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/1604/2/97b088b3e80833baad01976a69ea2a72
Name:smoke_burned_covered_area
Description:Area burned and area covered by smoke in North America. Derived from MODIS MCD64A1: L. Giglio, C. Justice, L. Boschetti, D. Roy. 2021. MCD64A1 MODIS/Terra+Aqua Burned Area Monthly L3 Global 500m SIN Grid V061. NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC. https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MCD64A1.061
Number of Records:3
Number of Columns:7

Table Structure
Object Name:smoke_burned_covered_area.csv
Size:354 byte
Authentication:3e51da9c289c3dbc3a183c95ea1a6229 Calculated By MD5
Text Format:
Number of Header Lines:1
Record Delimiter:\r\n
Orientation:column
Simple Delimited:
Field Delimiter:,
Quote Character:"

Table Column Descriptions
 yearsmoke_area_km2total_area_km2percent_area_smoke_coveredburned_area_km2Percent_burned_areaPercent_burned_area_out_of_smoke_area
Column Name:year  
smoke_area_km2  
total_area_km2  
percent_area_smoke_covered  
burned_area_km2  
Percent_burned_area  
Percent_burned_area_out_of_smoke_area  
Definition:Date, year onlyArea of land covered by smoke in a given year in North AmericaArea of land in a given year in North AmericaPercent area of land covered by smoke in a given year in North AmericaArea of land burned in a given year in North AmericaPercent area of land burned in a given year in North AmericaPercent area of land burned out of smoke area in a given year in North America
Storage Type:dateTime  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
Measurement Type:dateTimeratioratioratioratioratioratio
Measurement Values Domain:
FormatYYYY
Precision
UnitkilometerSquared
Typereal
UnitkilometerSquared
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
UnitkilometerSquared
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Unitnumber
Typereal
Missing Value Code:              
Accuracy Report:              
Accuracy Assessment:              
Coverage:              
Methods:              

Non-Categorized Data Resource

Name:NA_hex_grid_5000km2
Entity Type:geopackage
Description:5000km2 hexagon map of N. America
Physical Structure Description:
Object Name:NA_hex_grid_5000km2.gpkg
Size:1335296 byte
Authentication:3b4c5a4dcf167db6040ff45be2119cc1 Calculated By MD5
Externally Defined Format:
Format Name:application/geopackage+sqlite3
Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/1604/2/737597539dcec7bc3224da5612ce8474

Non-Categorized Data Resource

Name:NA_lakes_smoke_total_valid
Entity Type:application/geopackage+sqlite3
Description:For each lake the number of days under each smoke severity level (no, low, medium, high) are reported across North America for 2019 to 2021. Lake polygons were processed using the makeValid function from the R terra package (v.1.7.1.71) to correct invalid geometries.
Physical Structure Description:
Object Name:NA_lakes_smoke_total_valid.gpkg
Size:1468530688 byte
Authentication:9a53651ecff6721b19dd9310cde992e5 Calculated By MD5
Externally Defined Format:
Format Name:application/geopackage+sqlite3
Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/1604/2/dadd6bb8132381a096dcebc6a071738e

Non-Categorized Data Resource

Name:figure_code
Entity Type:R script
Description:R code to generate Figures 1-3 in the corresponding publication, "Wildfire smoke affects lake ecosystems".
Physical Structure Description:
Object Name:figure_code.r
Size:14525 byte
Authentication:28b5b322d04a4d03fea6f0577196981e Calculated By MD5
Externally Defined Format:
Format Name:.r
Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/1604/2/5c810a36ec04edcac9c450d0b0d13ba8

Data Package Usage Rights

This information is released under the Creative Commons license - Attribution - CC BY (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). The consumer of these data ("Data User" herein) is required to cite it appropriately in any publication that results from its use. The Data User should realize that these data may be actively used by others for ongoing research and that coordination may be necessary to prevent duplicate publication. The Data User is urged to contact the authors of these data if any questions about methodology or results occur. Where appropriate, the Data User is encouraged to consider collaboration or co-authorship with the authors. The Data User should realize that misinterpretation of data may occur if used out of context of the original study. While substantial efforts are made to ensure the accuracy of data and associated documentation, complete accuracy of data sets cannot be guaranteed. All data are made available "as is." The Data User should be aware, however, that data are updated periodically and it is the responsibility of the Data User to check for new versions of the data. The data authors and the repository where these data were obtained shall not be liable for damages resulting from any use or misinterpretation of the data. Thank you.

Keywords

By Thesaurus:
(No thesaurus)smoke-day, lake smoke-day, wildfire, smoke
LTER Controlled Vocabularylakes

Methods and Protocols

These methods, instrumentation and/or protocols apply to all data in this dataset:

Methods and protocols used in the collection of this data package
Description:

For the lake location and shape products, we used the HydroLakes database (Messager et al. 2016) to represent water bodies in both Canada and Mexico. We used the NHDPlus database (Buto et al. 2020) to represent water bodies in the United States. We investigated lakes >=10 ha.

Lake datasets references:

Messager, M.L., Lehner, B., Grill, G., Nedeva, I., Schmitt, O. (2016): Estimating the volume and age of water stored in global lakes using a geo-statistical approach. Nature Communications: 13603. doi: 10.1038/ncomms13603. Data is available at www.hydrosheds.org.

Buto, S.G., and Anderson, R.D., 2020, NHDPlus High Resolution (NHDPlus HR)---A hydrography framework for the Nation: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2020-3033, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20203033. ISSN: 2327-6932 (online)

Description:

For the daily smoke product, we used the NOAA hazard mapping system daily smoke product (https://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Products/land/hms.html) to represent the daily smoke coverage area and smoke density in North America. The NOAA HMS smoke product provides the spatial extent of each smoke plume in North America on a daily basis, classified into three categories of smoke intensity: low, medium, and high. For each level of smoke intensity, we merged all plumes to form one overall smoke polygon, which was used to represent the extent of the smoke coverage.

Description:

To calculate burned area in North America, we used the MODIS MCD64A1 dataset:

L. Giglio, C. Justice, L. Boschetti, D. Roy. 2021. MCD64A1 MODIS/Terra+Aqua Burned Area Monthly L3 Global 500m SIN Grid V061. NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC. https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MCD64A1.061

People and Organizations

Publishers:
Organization:Environmental Data Initiative
Email Address:
info@edirepository.org
Web Address:
https://edirepository.org
Id:https://ror.org/0330j0z60
Creators:
Individual: Mary Jade Farruggia
Organization:University of California Davis
Email Address:
mjfarruggia@ucdavis.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4234-6678
Individual: Janice Brahney
Organization:Utah State University
Email Address:
janice.brahney@usu.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7614-2855
Individual: Andrew J Tanentzap
Organization:Trent University; University of Cambridge
Email Address:
atanentzap@trentu.ca
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2883-1901
Individual: Jennifer A Brentrup
Organization:Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
Email Address:
jennifer.brentrup@state.mn.us
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4818-7762
Individual: Ludmila S Brighenti
Organization:Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais
Email Address:
ludmilasb@gmail.com
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1305-2689
Individual: Sudeep Chandra
Organization:University of Nevada Reno
Email Address:
sudeep@unr.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1724-5154
Individual: Alicia Cortés
Organization:University of California Davis
Email Address:
alicortes@ucdavis.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4873-4164
Individual: Rocio L Fernandez
Organization:National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina
Email Address:
rocioluz@yahoo.com
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9996-8975
Individual: Janet M Fischer
Organization:Franklin & Marshall College
Email Address:
jfischer@fandm.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6779-2407
Individual: Alexander L Forrest
Organization:University of California Davis
Email Address:
alforrest@ucdavis.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7853-9765
Individual: Yufang Jin
Organization:University of California Davis
Email Address:
yujin@ucdavis.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9049-9807
Individual: Kenneth Larrieu
Organization:University of California Davis
Email Address:
kglarrieu@ucdavis.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1706-3879
Individual: Ian M McCullough
Organization:Michigan State University
Email Address:
immccull@gmail.com
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6832-674X
Individual: Isabella A Oleksy
Organization:University of Colorado Boulder
Email Address:
isabella.oleksy@colorado.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2572-5457
Individual: Rachel M Pilla
Organization:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Email Address:
pillarm@ornl.gov
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9156-9486
Individual: James L Rusak
Organization:Queen's University
Email Address:
jim.rusak@ontario.ca
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4939-6478
Individual: Facundo Scordo
Organization:Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Email Address:
scordo@agro.uba.ar
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6182-7368
Individual: Adrianne P Smits
Organization:University of California Davis
Email Address:
asmits@ucdavis.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9967-5419
Individual: Celia C Symons
Organization:University of California Irvine
Email Address:
csymons@uci.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4120-0327
Individual: Minmeng Tang
Organization:Cornell University
Email Address:
mt747@cornell.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2848-9712
Individual: Samuel G Woodman
Organization:University of Cambridge
Email Address:
samuel.woodman@gmail.com
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9725-5867
Individual: Steven Sadro
Organization:University of California Davis
Email Address:
ssadro@ucdavis.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6416-3840
Contacts:
Individual: Mary Jade Farruggia
Organization:University of California Davis
Email Address:
mjfarruggia@ucdavis.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4234-6678

Temporal, Geographic and Taxonomic Coverage

Temporal, Geographic and/or Taxonomic information that applies to all data in this dataset:

Time Period
Begin:
2019
End:
2021
Geographic Region:
Description:North America
Bounding Coordinates:
Northern:  83.3Southern:  6.6
Western:  -178.2Eastern:  -49.0

Project

Parent Project Information:

Title:Wildfire smoke impacts lake ecosystems
Personnel:
Individual: Mary Jade Farruggia
Organization:University of California Davis
Email Address:
mjfarruggia@ucdavis.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4234-6678
Role:Lead author

Maintenance

Maintenance:
Description:

There is no ongoing data collection or processing for this project. Any future updates to this dataset, if any, will be added here.

Frequency:
Other Metadata

Additional Metadata

additionalMetadata
        |___text '\n      '
        |___element 'metadata'
        |     |___text '\n         '
        |     |___element 'unitList'
        |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___element 'unit'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'id' = 'Lake ID'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'name' = 'Lake ID'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n               '
        |     |     |     |___element 'description'
        |     |     |     |     |___text 'number corresponds to lake IDs from the HydroLAKES dataset (https://www.hydrosheds.org/products/hydrolakes)'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n            '
        |     |     |___text '\n         '
        |     |___text '\n      '
        |___text '\n   '

Additional Metadata

additionalMetadata
        |___text '\n      '
        |___element 'metadata'
        |     |___text '\n         '
        |     |___element 'emlEditor'
        |     |        \___attribute 'app' = 'ezEML'
        |     |        \___attribute 'release' = '2024.04.10'
        |     |___text '\n      '
        |___text '\n   '

Copyright 2024 Environmental Data Initiative. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under grants #2223103 and #2223104. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in the material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. Please contact us with questions, comments, or for technical assistance regarding this web site or the Environmental Data Initiative. Please read our privacy policy to know what information we collect about you and to understand your privacy rights.

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