Data Package Metadata   View Summary

Filtered chlorophyll a time series for Beaverdam Reservoir, Carvins Cove Reservoir, Claytor Lake, Falling Creek Reservoir, Gatewood Reservoir, Smith Mountain Lake, Spring Hollow Reservoir in southwestern Virginia, and Lake Sunapee in Sunapee, New Hampshire, USA during 2014-2023

General Information
Data Package:
Local Identifier:edi.52.19
Title:Filtered chlorophyll a time series for Beaverdam Reservoir, Carvins Cove Reservoir, Claytor Lake, Falling Creek Reservoir, Gatewood Reservoir, Smith Mountain Lake, Spring Hollow Reservoir in southwestern Virginia, and Lake Sunapee in Sunapee, New Hampshire, USA during 2014-2023
Alternate Identifier:DOI PLACE HOLDER
Abstract:

Water column chlorophyll a was analyzed from 2014 to 2023 in seven freshwater reservoirs in southwestern Virginia (VA), USA, and one freshwater lake in central New Hampshire (NH). These waterbodies are: Beaverdam Reservoir (Vinton, VA), Carvins Cove Reservoir (Roanoke, VA), Claytor Lake (Pulaski, VA), Falling Creek Reservoir (Vinton, VA), Gatewood Reservoir (Pulaski, VA), Smith Mountain Lake (Bedford, VA), Spring Hollow Reservoir (Salem, VA), and Lake Sunapee (Sunapee, NH). Beaverdam, Carvins Cove, Falling Creek, and Spring Hollow Reservoirs are owned and operated by the Western Virginia Water Authority as primary or secondary drinking water sources for Roanoke, Virginia; Gatewood Reservoir is a drinking water source for the Town of Pulaski, Virginia; and Smith Mountain Lake is jointly treated by the Bedford Regional Water Authority and the Western Virginia Water Authority as a drinking water source for Franklin County, Virginia. Claytor Lake is utilized for hydroelectric power generation by the Appalachian Power Company. Lake Sunapee is a glacially-formed lake known for its oligotrophic water quality. The dataset consists of depth profiles of chlorophyll a samples generally measured at the deepest site of each reservoir adjacent to the dam. The water column samples were collected approximately fortnightly from March-April and weekly from May-October at Falling Creek Reservoir and Beaverdam Reservoir, approximately fortnightly from May-August in most years at Carvins Cove Reservoir, approximately fortnightly from May-August in Gatewood and Spring Hollow Reservoirs from 2014-2016, approximately fortnightly from May-August of 2014 in Smith Mountain Lake, sporadically from May-August of 2014 in Claytor Lake, and sporadically from June-August of 2021 and 2022 in Lake Sunapee. Additional chlorophyll a samples were collected at multiple upstream and inflow sites along tributaries to Beaverdam and Falling Creek Reservoirs in summer 2019. The water samples collected were analyzed for both phaeophytin and chlorophyll a to quantify and correct for degraded phytoplankton within the sample.

Publication Date:2024-01-11
For more information:
Visit: DOI PLACE HOLDER

Time Period
Begin:
2014-04-18
End:
2023-12-04

People and Organizations
Contact:Carey, Cayelan C. (Virginia Tech) [  email ]
Creator:Carey, Cayelan C. (Virginia Tech)
Creator:Breef-Pilz, Adrienne (Virginia Tech)
Creator:Hoffman, Kathryn K. (Virginia Tech)
Creator:Niederlehner, Barbara R. (Virginia Tech)
Creator:Haynie, George (Virginia Tech)
Creator:Keverline, Ryan (Virginia Tech)
Creator:Kricheldorf, Michael (Virginia Tech)
Creator:Tipper, Evelyn (Virginia Tech)

Data Entities
Data Table Name:
FiltChla_2014_2023
Description:
Filtered chlorophyll a data at multiple sites
Data Table Name:
site_descriptions
Description:
Sampling site descriptions with latitude and longitude
Other Name:
filt_chla_qaqc_2023
Description:
Script used to collate and flag data for publication
Other Name:
FiltChla_inspection_2014_2023
Description:
Markdown file used to visualize data for QA/QC
Other Name:
Filt_Chla_Maintenance_Log
Description:
Maintenance Log through 2023
Detailed Metadata

Data Entities


Data Table

Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/52/19/4d92727343445ad28046d57ac852b45f
Name:FiltChla_2014_2023
Description:Filtered chlorophyll a data at multiple sites
Number of Records:1014
Number of Columns:8

Table Structure
Object Name:FiltChla_2014_2023.csv
Size:47645 bytes
Authentication:fc73b9098f7cfa773a9ccdc19f7a0d84 Calculated By MD5
Text Format:
Number of Header Lines:1
Record Delimiter:\n
Orientation:column
Simple Delimited:
Field Delimiter:,

Table Column Descriptions
 
Column Name:Reservoir  
Site  
DateTime  
Depth_m  
Chla_ugL  
Pheo_ugL  
Flag_Chla_ugL  
Flag_Pheo_ugL  
Definition:Three-letter code corresponding to sampled reservoir; BVR=Beaverdam Reservoir, CCR= Carvins Cove Reservoir, CLY = Claytor Lake, Reservoir, FCR=Falling Creek Reservoir, GWR=Gatewood Reservoir, SHR=Spring Hollow Reservoir, SML = Smith Mountain Lake, SNP = Lake Sunapee categoricalSampling site within each reservoirDate of sampling. All data were collected in the eastern time zone of the U.S.A., with Eastern Standard Time ObservedWater depth where the sample was collectedChlorophyll a concentrationPhaeophytin concentrationData flag for chlorophyll a; 0=Value acceptable. No flag, 1= Sample below detection, 2 = Sample not taken, 3=Duplicate check failed, 4=Pigment in extract below detection (<34 ug/L), 5=Duplicate values were averagedData flag for phaeophytin; 0=Value acceptable. No flag, 1= Sample below detection, 2 = Sample not taken, 3=Duplicate check failed, 4=Pigment in extract below detection (<34 ug/L), 45=Pigment in extract below detection (<34 ug/L) and duplicate values were averaged
Storage Type:string  
float  
date  
float  
float  
float  
string  
string  
Measurement Type:nominalratiodateTimeratioratiorationominalnominal
Measurement Values Domain:
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
CodeBVR
DefinitionBeaverdam Reservoir
Source
Code Definition
CodeCCR
DefinitionCarvins Cove Reservoir
Source
Code Definition
CodeCLY
DefinitionClaytor Lake Reservoir
Source
Code Definition
CodeFCR
DefinitionFalling Creek Reservoir
Source
Code Definition
CodeGWR
DefinitionGatewood Reservoir
Source
Code Definition
CodeSHR
DefinitionSpring Hollow Reservoir
Source
Code Definition
CodeSML
DefinitionSmith Mountain Lake
Source
Code Definition
CodeSNP
DefinitionLake Sunapee
Source
Unitdimensionless
Typenatural
Min
Max200 
FormatYYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss
Precision
Unitmeter
Typereal
Min0.1 
Max34 
UnitmicrogramsPerLiter
Typereal
Min
Max158 
UnitmicrogramsPerLiter
Typereal
Min-5.299218286 
Max36.6 
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code0
DefinitionValue acceptable. No flag
Source
Code Definition
Code1
DefinitionSample below detection
Source
Code Definition
Code2
DefinitionSample not taken
Source
Code Definition
Code3
DefinitionDuplicate check failed
Source
Code Definition
Code4
DefinitionPigment in extract below detection (<34 ug/L)
Source
Code Definition
Code5
DefinitionDuplicate values were averaged
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code0
DefinitionValue acceptable. No flag
Source
Code Definition
Code1
DefinitionSample below detection
Source
Code Definition
Code2
DefinitionSample not taken
Source
Code Definition
Code3
DefinitionDuplicate check failed
Source
Code Definition
Code4
DefinitionPigment in extract below detection (<34 ug/L)
Source
Code Definition
Code45
DefinitionPigment in extract below detection (<34 ug/L) and duplicate values were averaged
Source
Code Definition
Code5
DefinitionDuplicate values were averaged
Source
Missing Value Code:
CodeNA
Explvalue is missing
CodeNA
Explvalue is missing
CodeNA
Explvalue is missing
CodeNA
Explvalue is missing
CodeNA
Explvalue is missing
CodeNA
Explvalue is missing
CodeNA
Explvalue is missing
CodeNA
Explvalue is missing
Accuracy Report:                
Accuracy Assessment:                
Coverage:                
Methods:                

Data Table

Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/52/19/2130a9b1867cc4d99c2b2f111418dd09
Name:site_descriptions
Description:Sampling site descriptions with latitude and longitude
Number of Records:28
Number of Columns:5

Table Structure
Object Name:site_descriptions.csv
Size:4420 bytes
Authentication:77aba38b323e7a7ec83047f01000ec01 Calculated By MD5
Text Format:
Number of Header Lines:1
Record Delimiter:\n
Orientation:column
Simple Delimited:
Field Delimiter:,

Table Column Descriptions
 
Column Name:Reservoir  
Site  
Site_description  
Latitude  
Longitude  
Definition:Three-letter code corresponding to sampled reservoirSampling site within each reservoirDescription of sampling siteSite latitudeSite longitude
Storage Type:string  
float  
string  
float  
float  
Measurement Type:nominalrationominalratioratio
Measurement Values Domain:
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
CodeBVR
DefinitionBeaverdam Reservoir
Source
Code Definition
CodeCLY
DefinitionClaytor Lake
Source
Code Definition
CodeCCR
DefinitionCarvins Cove Reservoir
Source
Code Definition
CodeFCR
DefinitionFalling Creek Reservoir
Source
Code Definition
CodeGWR
DefinitionGatewood Reservoir
Source
Code Definition
CodeSHR
DefinitionSpring Hollow Reservoir
Source
Code Definition
CodeSML
DefinitionSmith Mountain Lake
Source
Code Definition
CodeSNP
DefinitionLake Sunapee
Source
Unitdimensionless
Typenatural
Min
Max200 
DefinitionDescription of sampling site
Unitdegree
Typereal
Min37.04137 
Max43.391308 
Unitdegree
Typereal
Min-80.8632991493157 
Max-72.058973 
Missing Value Code:
CodeNA
Explvalue is missing
CodeNA
Explvalue is missing
 
CodeNA
Explvalue is missing
CodeNA
Explvalue is missing
Accuracy Report:          
Accuracy Assessment:          
Coverage:          
Methods:          

Non-Categorized Data Resource

Name:filt_chla_qaqc_2023
Entity Type:unknown
Description:Script used to collate and flag data for publication
Physical Structure Description:
Object Name:filt_chla_qaqc_2023.R
Size:18652 bytes
Authentication:dec910d5e80ca3547e3a4d33aa0551ed Calculated By MD5
Externally Defined Format:
Format Name:text/plain
Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/52/19/46dd90b82ea5725b824f1adc263387da

Non-Categorized Data Resource

Name:FiltChla_inspection_2014_2023
Entity Type:unknown
Description:Markdown file used to visualize data for QA/QC
Physical Structure Description:
Object Name:FiltChla_inspection_2014_2023.Rmd
Size:11104 bytes
Authentication:6a9869397ec17795577cf8cac338b96e Calculated By MD5
Externally Defined Format:
Format Name:text/x-markdown
Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/52/19/b95b7a5fc30e7694ad642e7f0d6da486

Non-Categorized Data Resource

Name:Filt_Chla_Maintenance_Log
Entity Type:unknown
Description:Maintenance Log through 2023
Physical Structure Description:
Object Name:Filt_Chla_Maintenance_Log.csv
Size:2535 bytes
Authentication:04685d6b2b6e6d08899f3cff108f2742 Calculated By MD5
Externally Defined Format:
Format Name:text/csv
Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/52/19/6f6d8522dbee8e8068d56a95c92aa3b9

Data Package Usage Rights

This information is released under the Creative Commons license - Attribution - CC BY (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). The consumer of these data (\"Data User\" herein) is required to cite it appropriately in any publication that results from its use. The Data User should realize that these data may be actively used by others for ongoing research and that coordination may be necessary to prevent duplicate publication. The Data User is urged to contact the authors of these data if any questions about methodology or results occur. Where appropriate, the Data User is encouraged to consider collaboration or co-authorship with the authors. The Data User should realize that misinterpretation of data may occur if used out of context of the original study. While substantial efforts are made to ensure the accuracy of data and associated documentation, complete accuracy of data sets cannot be guaranteed. All data are made available \"as is.\" The Data User should be aware, however, that data are updated periodically and it is the responsibility of the Data User to check for new versions of the data. The data authors and the repository where these data were obtained shall not be liable for damages resulting from any use or misinterpretation of the data. Thank you.

Keywords

By Thesaurus:
carey lab controlled vocabularyVirginia Tech, Stream Team, Carey Lab, Western Virginia Water Authority, Falling Creek Reservoir, filtered chlorophyll, manual chlorophyll, Beaverdam Reservoir, Carvins Cove Reservoir, Spring Hollow Reservoir, Gatewood Reservoir, Smith Mountain Lake, Claytor Lake, Lake Sunapee
cuahsi controlled vocabularyLake, Reservoir
lter controlled vocabularychlorophyll, chlorophyll a, plankton, phytoplankton, algae, phaeophytin

Methods and Protocols

These methods, instrumentation and/or protocols apply to all data in this dataset:

Methods and protocols used in the collection of this data package
Description:

SAMPLING TIMES Sampling occurred between the hours of 9:00 and 15:00 EST and are denoted in the DateTime column as 12:00. Since 2021, we usually only sample from 1.6 m in BVR and FCR regularly, with occasional one off sampling in CCR and SNP.

SAMPLE COLLECTION AND EQUIPMENT Unfiltered water samples were collected at the following depths for each reservoir or lake: 0.1, 1.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 5, 6, 6.5, 6.8, 7, 7.5, 9, and 12 meters within Beaverdam Reservoir, which has a Zmax of 13 meters at full pond; 0.1, 5, 6, 12, 14, 18, 19, 20, and 21 meters within Carvins Cove Reservoir, which has a maximum depth (Zmax) of 21.3 meters at full pond; 0.1, 5, 6, 7, 30, and 34 meters within Claytor Lake; 0.1, 1, 1.6, 2, 2.8, 3.8, 4, 4.1, 4.5, 5, 6, 6.2, 7, and 9 meters within Falling Creek Reservoir, which has a Zmax of 9.3 meters at full pond; 0.1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 13.5 and 14 meters within Gatewood Reservoir, which has a Zmax of 14 meters; 0.1, 6, 7, 8, 25, 28 and 30 meters within Smith Mountain Lake; 0.1, 5, 7, 8, 14, 25, 28 and 31 meters within Spring Hollow Reservoir, which has a Zmax of >60 m; and 0.1, 1, and 9 meters within Lake Sunapee, which has a Zmax of 33 meters. A 4-L Van Dorn water sampler was used to collect samples (Wildco, Yulee, Florida, USA) which were stored in opaque 2-L high-density polyethylene bottles. Samples were refrigerated and filtered within 48 hours of collection with GF/C filters and filters were immediately frozen after filtration. Samples were generally analyzed within 4 months of collection date.

CHEMICAL ANALYSES AND EQUIPMENT Samples were extracted using a 96% ethanol solution at room temperature for 3-24 hours (Wasmund et al. 2006) and then analyzed by spectrophotometric analysis. To quantify the concentration of phaeophytin within the sample, the analysis adopts the acidification recommendation of Parker et al. (2016), in which 240 microliters of 0.1 N HCl was added to the sample. The sample was homogenized and left to sit for 90 seconds for samples analyzed through 2018, or 120 seconds for samples analyzed after 2019. Samples were quantified using the monochromatic spectrophotometric method for chlorophyll a after correction for the presence of pheopigments, to provide a metric of "live" phytoplankton at the time of collection (Lorenzen 1967). The phaeophytin concentration (a metric of "dead" but still fluorescing phytoplankton) is also reported. In 2014, total chlorophyll a was corrected for phaeophytin but values for phaeophytin were lost during digitization. Samples were deemed below detection based on the difference between values quantified before and after acidification. Both extraction and analysis were performed in the absence of direct light to prevent the degradation of chlorophyll a. Samples collected were not always analyzed, leading to occasional incomplete water column profiles for certain dates within the dataset.

DUPLICATE VALUES Prior to 2022 duplicated field and method replicate values were not flagged. In 2022-current, duplicate values were averaged and flagged with 5. If the values were averaged and the pigment in the extract of the averaged sample was below detection then these columns were flagged as 45, for a flag of 4 for pigment below detection and a flag of 5 for averaged duplicate value.

Multiple whole-ecosystem experiments have been conducted at Falling Creek Reservoir, including intermittent operation of hypolimnetic oxygenation (HOx) and pulsed epilimnetic mixing (EM) engineering systems. We encourage you to contact the lead author of the data package for more information.

REFERENCES

Lorenzen, C.J. 1967. Determinations of chlorophyll and pheo-pigments: spectrophotometric equations. Limnol. Oceanogr. 12:343-346.

Parker, S. P., W. B. Bowden, and M. B. Flinn. 2016. The effect of acid strength and postacidification reaction time on the determination of chlorophyll a in ethanol extracts of aquatic periphyton. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 14:839-852.

Wasmund, N., I. Topp, and D. Schories. 2006. Optimising the storage and extraction of chlorophyll samples. Oceanologica 48(1):125-144.

People and Organizations

Publishers:
Organization:Environmental Data Initiative
Email Address:
info@edirepository.org
Web Address:
https://edirepository.org
Id:https://ror.org/0330j0z60
Creators:
Individual: Cayelan C. Carey
Organization:Virginia Tech
Email Address:
cayelan@vt.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8835-4476
Individual: Adrienne Breef-Pilz
Organization:Virginia Tech
Email Address:
abreefpilz@vt.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6759-0063
Individual: Kathryn K. Hoffman
Organization:Virginia Tech
Email Address:
kkhoffman@vt.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-8269
Individual: Barbara R. Niederlehner
Organization:Virginia Tech
Email Address:
bniederl@vt.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6933-336X
Individual: George Haynie
Organization:Virginia Tech
Email Address:
georgeh0919@vt.edu
Individual: Ryan Keverline
Organization:Virginia Tech
Email Address:
rkeverline01@vt.edu
Individual: Michael Kricheldorf
Organization:Virginia Tech
Email Address:
mkricheldorf@vt.edu
Individual: Evelyn Tipper
Organization:Virginia Tech
Email Address:
etipper@vt.edu
Contacts:
Individual: Cayelan C. Carey
Organization:Virginia Tech
Email Address:
cayelan@vt.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8835-4476

Temporal, Geographic and Taxonomic Coverage

Temporal, Geographic and/or Taxonomic information that applies to all data in this dataset:

Time Period
Begin:
2014-04-18
End:
2023-12-04
Geographic Region:
Description:Beaverdam Reservoir is located in Vinton, Virginia, USA
Bounding Coordinates:
Northern:  37.322865Southern:  37.311961
Western:  -79.824834Eastern:  -79.813848
Geographic Region:
Description:Carvins Cove Reservoir is located in Roanoke, Virginia, USA
Bounding Coordinates:
Northern:  37.409127Southern:  37.365345
Western:  -79.978642Eastern:  -79.944052
Geographic Region:
Description:Claytor Lake is located in Pulaski, Virginia, USA
Bounding Coordinates:
Northern:  37.086718Southern:  36.967031
Western:  -80.74543Eastern:  -80.576912
Geographic Region:
Description:Falling Creek Reservoir is located in Vinton, Virginia, USA
Bounding Coordinates:
Northern:  37.309589Southern:  37.30266
Western:  -79.839249Eastern:  -79.836009
Geographic Region:
Description:Gatewood Reservoir is located in Pulaski, Virginia, USA
Bounding Coordinates:
Northern:  37.054358Southern:  37.03819
Western:  -80.89188Eastern:  -80.858492
Geographic Region:
Description:Smith Mountain Lake is located in Bedford, Franklin and Pittsylvania, Virginia, USA
Bounding Coordinates:
Northern:  37.158577Southern:  37.002455
Western:  -79.726699Eastern:  -79.522078
Geographic Region:
Description:Spring Hollow Reservoir is located in Salem, Virginia, USA
Bounding Coordinates:
Northern:  37.231092Southern:  37.217594
Western:  -80.179076Eastern:  -80.170407
Geographic Region:
Description:Lake Sunapee is located in Sunapee, New Hampshire, USA
Bounding Coordinates:
Northern:  43.431481Southern:  43.321181
Western:  -72.08948Eastern:  -72.033127

Project

Parent Project Information:

Title:No project title to report
Personnel:
Individual: Cayelan C. Carey
Organization:Virginia Tech
Email Address:
cayelan@vt.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8835-4476
Role:Principal Investigator
Funding: Western Virginia Water Authority
Related Project:
Title:Collaborative Research: Consequences of changing oxygen availability for carbon cycling in freshwater ecosystems
Personnel:
Individual: Cayelan C. Carey
Organization:Virginia Tech
Email Address:
cayelan@vt.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8835-4476
Role:Principal Investigator
Funding: National Science Foundation 1753639
Related Project:
Title:LTREB: Integrating real-time open data pipelines and forecasting to quantify ecosystem predictability at day to decadal scales
Personnel:
Individual: Cayelan C. Carey
Organization:Virginia Tech
Email Address:
cayelan@vt.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8835-4477
Role:Principal Investigator
Funding: National Science Foundation 2327030
Related Project:
Title:Collaborative Research: URoL:ASC: Applying rules of life to forecast emergent behavior of phytoplankton and advance water quality management
Personnel:
Individual: Cayelan C. Carey
Organization:Virginia Tech
Email Address:
cayelan@vt.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8835-4478
Role:Principal Investigator
Funding: National Science Foundation 2318861
Related Project:
Title:Collaborative Research: CIBR: Cyberinfrastructure Enabling End-to-End Workflows for Aquatic Ecosystem Forecastin Forecasting
Personnel:
Individual: Cayelan C. Carey
Organization:Virginia Tech
Email Address:
cayelan@vt.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8835-4476
Role:Principal Investigator
Funding: National Science Foundation 1933016

Maintenance

Maintenance:
Description:ongoing
Frequency:

Additional Info

Additional Information:
 

Contributions to the 2023 revision: Contributions to the 2023 revision: CCC developed and led the reservoir monitoring program 2013-present, and oversaw data collection for these samples throughout this time. KKH, ABP, and DWH co-led sample analysis and calculations. ABP led the field monitoring program, automated the datastream, and developed the QAQC script. ABP also developed new workflows for chlorophyll calculations based on methods from BRN. BRN developed the analysis method, and trained all co-authors on analytical chemistry instruments, analyses, and QAQC best practices. RK, MK, GH, and ET contributed substantially to fieldwork, filtering samples, and digitizing handwritten logs. KKH developed the visual inspection script and led data publishing for 2023.

Acknowledgments and historical contributions: This data package has been iteratively updated over time and builds on the many historical contributions of co-authors listed in previous revisions. We thank the Western Virginia Water Authority for providing access to these sites, the Reservoir Group for contributing to fieldwork. We thank DWH for lab work and MEL and DWH for helpful reviews of this data package.

Other Metadata

Additional Metadata

additionalMetadata
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