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High frequency soil sensor data for SOM input - Complex drivers of riparian soil oxygen variability revealed using self-organizing maps

General Information
Data Package:
Local Identifier:edi.549.1
Title:High frequency soil sensor data for SOM input - Complex drivers of riparian soil oxygen variability revealed using self-organizing maps
Alternate Identifier:DOI PLACE HOLDER
Abstract:

The provided datasets contain the original (non-normalized) high-frequency soil and meteorological observations that were fed to the Self-Organizing Map (SOM) in order to identify ranges of values associated with low and high soil O2 conditions. For the Champlain Valley (CV) site we used the natural breaks algorithm to subset the data into high and low O2 datasets. O2 values were consistently low at the Green Mountains (GM) site, so we ran a single SOM for all O2 values at this site. The original values were then range-normalized before they were fed to the SOM.

Publication Date:2021-11-22
For more information:
Visit: DOI PLACE HOLDER

Time Period
Begin:
2017
End:
2020

People and Organizations
Contact:Lancellotti, Brittany V (Virgin Islands EPSCoR , Postdoctoral Associate) [  email ]
Creator:Lancellotti, Brittany V (Virgin Islands EPSCoR , Postdoctoral Associate)
Creator:Underwood, Kristen L (University of Vermont,  Research Assistant Professor)
Creator:Perdrial, Julia N (University of Vermont,  Associate Professor of Geochemistry)
Creator:Adair, Carol E (University of Vermont,  Associate Professor)
Creator:Schroth, Andrew W (University of Vermont, Research Associate Professor)
Creator:Roy, Eric D (University of Vermont, Assistant Professor)

Data Entities
Data Table Name:
CV high O2 SOM data - Original (non normalized) values
Description:
This dataset contains the original high frequency soil sensor values reduced to a one hour time step.
Data Table Name:
CV Low O2 SOM data - Original (non normalized) values
Description:
This dataset contains the original high frequency soil sensor values reduced to a one hour time step.
Data Table Name:
GM SOM data - Original (non normalized) values
Description:
This dataset contains the original high frequency soil sensor values reduced to a one hour time step.
Detailed Metadata

Data Entities

Data Table

Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/549/1/6d42a5d6d4f83b50b75cb11dfcda513c
Name:CV high O2 SOM data - Original (non normalized) values
Description:This dataset contains the original high frequency soil sensor values reduced to a one hour time step.
Number of Records:12593
Number of Columns:35

Table Structure
Object Name:_HW2.high.NB.non.norm.corrected.2.csv
Size:3134876 byte
Authentication:ed0feab87087f399cc53ebf8cc3e3cf1 Calculated By MD5
Text Format:
Number of Header Lines:1
Record Delimiter:\r\n
Orientation:column
Simple Delimited:
Field Delimiter:,
Quote Character:"

Table Column Descriptions
 "X""Timestamp""Precip.sum_mm""Soil.temp.median_C""DO.median""Cond.median""precip.t.12""precip.t.24""precip.t.48""precip.t.1wk""precip.t.2wk""VWC.t.3""VWC.t.6""VWC.t.12""Atm.temp.t.12""Atm.temp.t.24""Atm.temp.t.48""Atm.temp.t.1wk""Atm.temp.t.2wk""Soil.temp.t.12""Soil.temp.t.24""Soil.temp.t.48""Soil.temp.t.1wk""Soil.temp.t.2wk""ORP.imputed""CO2.imputed""Atm.temp.imputed""VWC.imputed""atm_mbar.imputed""windSpeed.imputed""gust.speed.imputed""windDir.imputed""Rh.imputed""dewPoint.imputed""julian"
Column Name:X  
Timestamp  
Precip.sum.median_mm  
Soil.temp.median_C  
DO.median  
Cond.median  
precip.t.12  
precip.t.24  
precip.t.48  
precip.t.1wk  
precip.t.2wk  
VWC.t.3  
VWC.t.6  
VWC.t.12  
Atm.temp.t.12  
Atm.temp.t.24  
Atm.temp.t.48  
Atm.temp.t.1wk  
Atm.temp.t.2wk  
Soil.temp.t.12  
Soil.temp.t.24  
Soil.temp.t.48  
Soil.temp.t.1wk  
Soil.temp.t.2wk  
ORP.imputed  
CO2.imputed  
Atm.temp.imputed  
VWC.imputed  
atm_mbar.imputed  
windSpeed.imputed  
gust.speed.imputed  
windDir.imputed  
Rh.imputed  
dewPoint.imputed  
julian  
Definition:Row numberDate and time of observationHourly precipitation sumHourly median soil temperature Hourly median dissolved oxygenHourly median conductivity Antecedent precipitation - rolling average 12 hours prior to observationAntecedent precipitation - rolling average 24 hours prior to observationAntecedent precipitation - rolling average 48 hours prior to observationAntecedent precipitation - rolling average 1 week prior to observationAntecedent precipitation - rolling average 2 weeks prior to observationAntecedent volumetric water content - rolling average 3 hours prior to observationAntecedent volumetric water content - rolling average 6 hours prior to observationAntecedent volumetric water content - rolling average 12 hours prior to observationAntecedent atmospheric temperature - rolling average 12 hours before observationAntecedent atmospheric temperature - rolling average 24 hours before observationAntecedent atmospheric temperature - rolling average 48 hours before observationAntecedent atmospheric temperature - rolling average 1 week before observationAntecedent atmospheric temperature - rolling average 2 weeks prior to observationAntecedent soil temperature - rolling average 12 hours prior to observationAntecedent soil temperature - rolling average 24 hours prior to observationAntecedent soil temperature - rolling average 48 hours prior to observationAntecedent soil temperature - rolling average 1 week prior to observationAntecedent atmospheric temperature - rolling average 2 weeks before observationOxidation Reduction Potential - missing values were imputed using overall meanCarbon dioxide - missing values were imputed using overall meanAtmospheric temperature - missing values were imputed using overall meanVolumetric water content - missing values were imputed using overall meanBarometric pressure - missing values were imputed using overall meanWind speed - missing values were imputed using the overall meanWind gust speed - missing values imputed using overall meanWind direction - missing values imputed using overall mean Relative humidity - missing values imputed using overall meanDew point - missing values imputed using the overall meanJulian date of observation
Storage Type:float  
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float  
float  
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float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
Measurement Type:ratiodateTimeratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratio
Measurement Values Domain:
Unitno units
Typeinteger
FormatMM/D/YY HH:MM
Precision
Unitmillimeter
Typereal
Unitcelsius
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Unitpercent
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UnitmicrosiemensPerCentimeter
Typereal
Unitmillimeter
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Unitmillimeter
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Unitmillimeter
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Unitmillimeter
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Unitmillimeter
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UnitmeterCubedPerMeterCubed
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UnitmeterCubedPerMeterCubed
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Unitcelsius
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Unitcelsius
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Unitcelsius
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Unitcelsius
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Unitcelsius
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Unitcelsius
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Unitcelsius
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Unitmillivolt
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UnitpartPerMillion
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Unitcelsius
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UnitmeterCubedPerMeterCubed
Typereal
Unitmillibar
Typereal
UnitmeterPerSecond
Typereal
UnitmeterPerSecond
Typereal
Unitdegree
Typereal
Unitpercent
Typereal
Unitcelsius
Typereal
Unitno units
Typeinteger
Missing Value Code:                                                                      
Accuracy Report:                                                                      
Accuracy Assessment:                                                                      
Coverage:                                                                      
Methods:                                                                      

Data Table

Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/549/1/9b24fc22efc6665f6a6fc87c19873f90
Name:CV Low O2 SOM data - Original (non normalized) values
Description:This dataset contains the original high frequency soil sensor values reduced to a one hour time step.
Number of Records:7043
Number of Columns:36

Table Structure
Object Name:HW2.low.NB.non.norm.corrected.2.csv
Size:2050995 byte
Authentication:b584b47061d6c3286e62c05f0c622e67 Calculated By MD5
Text Format:
Number of Header Lines:1
Record Delimiter:\r\n
Orientation:column
Simple Delimited:
Field Delimiter:,
Quote Character:'

Table Column Descriptions
 """X""Timestamp""Precip.sum_mm""Soil.temp.median_C""DO.median""Cond.median""precip.t.12""precip.t.24""precip.t.48""precip.t.1wk""precip.t.2wk""VWC.t.3""VWC.t.6""VWC.t.12""Atm.temp.t.12""Atm.temp.t.24""Atm.temp.t.48""Atm.temp.t.1wk""Atm.temp.t.2wk""Soil.temp.t.12""Soil.temp.t.24""Soil.temp.t.48""Soil.temp.t.1wk""Soil.temp.t.2wk""ORP.imputed""CO2.imputed""Atm.temp.imputed""VWC.imputed""atm_mbar.imputed""windSpeed.imputed""gust.speed.imputed""windDir.imputed""Rh.imputed""dewPoint.imputed""julian"
Column Name:Row.number  
X  
Timestamp  
Precip.sum_mm  
Soil.temp.median_C  
DO.median  
Cond.median  
precip.t.12  
precip.t.24  
precip.t.48  
precip.t.1wk  
precip.t.2wk  
VWC.t.3  
VWC.t.6  
VWC.t.12  
Atm.temp.t.12  
Atm.temp.t.24  
Atm.temp.t.48  
Atm.temp.t.1wk  
Atm.temp.t.2wk  
Soil.temp.t.12  
Soil.temp.t.24  
Soil.temp.t.48  
Soil.temp.t.1wk  
Soil.temp.t.2wk  
ORP.imputed  
CO2.imputed  
Atm.temp.imputed  
VWC.imputed  
atm_mbar.imputed  
windSpeed.imputed  
gust.speed.imputed  
windDir.imputed  
Rh.imputed  
dewPoint.imputed  
julian  
Definition:Row number Row numberDate and time of observationHourly precipitation sumHourly median soil temperature Hourly median dissolved oxygenHourly median conductivity Antecedent precipitation - rolling average 12 hours prior to observationAntecedent precipitation - rolling average 24 hours prior to observationAntecedent precipitation - rolling average 48 hours prior to observationAntecedent precipitation - rolling average 1 week prior to observationAntecedent precipitation - rolling average 2 weeks prior to observationAntecedent volumetric water content - rolling average 3 hours prior to observationAntecedent volumetric water content - rolling average 6 hours prior to observationAntecedent volumetric water content - rolling average 12 hours prior to observationAntecedent atmospheric temperature - rolling average 12 hours before observationAntecedent atmospheric temperature - rolling average 24 hours before observationAntecedent atmospheric temperature - rolling average 48 hours before observationAntecedent atmospheric temperature - rolling average 1 week before observationAntecedent atmospheric temperature - rolling average 2 weeks prior to observationAntecedent soil temperature - rolling average 12 hours prior to observationAntecedent soil temperature - rolling average 24 hours prior to observationAntecedent soil temperature - rolling average 48 hours prior to observationAntecedent soil temperature - rolling average 1 week prior to observationAntecedent atmospheric temperature - rolling average 2 weeks before observationOxidation Reduction Potential - missing values were imputed using overall meanCarbon dioxide - missing values were imputed using overall meanAtmospheric temperature - missing values were imputed using overall meanVolumetric water content - missing values were imputed using overall meanBarometric pressure - missing values were imputed using overall meanWind speed - missing values were imputed using the overall meanWind gust speed - missing values imputed using overall meanWind direction - missing values imputed using overall mean Relative humidity - missing values imputed using overall meanDew point - missing values imputed using the overall meanJulian date of observation
Storage Type:string  
float  
dateTime  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
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float  
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float  
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float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
Measurement Type:nominalratiodateTimeratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratio
Measurement Values Domain:
DefinitionRow number
Unitno units
Typeinteger
FormatMM/D/YY HH:MM
Precision
Unitmillimeter
Typereal
Unitcelsius
Typereal
Unitpercent
Typereal
UnitmicrosiemensPerCentimeter
Typereal
Unitmillimeter
Typereal
Unitmillimeter
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Unitmillimeter
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Unitmillimeter
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Unitcelsius
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UnitmeterCubedPerMeterCubed
Typereal
UnitmeterCubedPerMeterCubed
Typereal
UnitmeterCubedPerMeterCubed
Typereal
Unitcelsius
Typereal
Unitcelsius
Typereal
Unitcelsius
Typereal
Unitcelsius
Typereal
Unitcelsius
Typereal
Unitcelsius
Typereal
Unitcelsius
Typereal
Unitcelsius
Typereal
Unitcelsius
Typereal
Unitcelsius
Typereal
Unitmillivolt
Typereal
UnitpartPerMillion
Typereal
Unitcelsius
Typereal
UnitmeterCubedPerMeterCubed
Typereal
Unitmillibar
Typereal
UnitmeterPerSecond
Typereal
UnitmeterPerSecond
Typereal
Unitdegree
Typereal
Unitpercent
Typereal
Unitcelsius
Typereal
Unitno units
Typeinteger
Missing Value Code:                                                                        
Accuracy Report:                                                                        
Accuracy Assessment:                                                                        
Coverage:                                                                        
Methods:                                                                        

Data Table

Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/549/1/8034d7ce3e09fa6a9d25552aebee71ab
Name:GM SOM data - Original (non normalized) values
Description:This dataset contains the original high frequency soil sensor values reduced to a one hour time step.
Number of Records:6921
Number of Columns:35

Table Structure
Object Name:WW5.non.norm.2.csv
Size:1669490 byte
Authentication:7b3d5d8252a65166793adf794028ca47 Calculated By MD5
Text Format:
Number of Header Lines:1
Record Delimiter:\r\n
Orientation:column
Simple Delimited:
Field Delimiter:,
Quote Character:'

Table Column Descriptions
 Row.numberTimestampPrecip.sum.median_mmSoil.temp.median_CDO.medianCond.medianprecip.t.12precip.t.24precip.t.48precip.t.1wkprecip.t.2wkVWC.t.3VWC.t.6VWC.t.12Atm.temp.t.12Atm.temp.t.24Atm.temp.t.48Atm.temp.t.1wkAtm.temp.t.2wkSoil.temp.t.12Soil.temp.t.24Soil.temp.t.48Soil.temp.t.1wkSoil.temp.t.2wkORP.imputedCO2.imputedAtm.temp.imputedVWC.imputedatm_mbar.imputedwindSpeed.imputedgust.speed.imputedwindDir.imputedRh.imputeddewPoint.imputedjulian
Column Name:Row.number  
Timestamp  
Precip.sum.median_mm  
Soil.temp.median_C  
DO.median  
Cond.median  
precip.t.12  
precip.t.24  
precip.t.48  
precip.t.1wk  
precip.t.2wk  
VWC.t.3  
VWC.t.6  
VWC.t.12  
Atm.temp.t.12  
Atm.temp.t.24  
Atm.temp.t.48  
Atm.temp.t.1wk  
Atm.temp.t.2wk  
Soil.temp.t.12  
Soil.temp.t.24  
Soil.temp.t.48  
Soil.temp.t.1wk  
Soil.temp.t.2wk  
ORP.imputed  
CO2.imputed  
Atm.temp.imputed  
VWC.imputed  
atm_mbar.imputed  
windSpeed.imputed  
gust.speed.imputed  
windDir.imputed  
Rh.imputed  
dewPoint.imputed  
julian  
Definition:Row number Date and time of observationHourly precipitation sumHourly median soil temperature Hourly median dissolved oxygenHourly median conductivity Antecedent precipitation - rolling average 12 hours prior to observationAntecedent precipitation - rolling average 24 hours prior to observationAntecedent precipitation - rolling average 48 hours prior to observationAntecedent precipitation - rolling average 1 week prior to observationAntecedent precipitation - rolling average 2 weeks prior to observationAntecedent volumetric water content - rolling average 3 hours prior to observationAntecedent volumetric water content - rolling average 6 hours prior to observationAntecedent volumetric water content - rolling average 12 hours prior to observationAntecedent atmospheric temperature - rolling average 12 hours before observationAntecedent atmospheric temperature - rolling average 24 hours before observationAntecedent atmospheric temperature - rolling average 48 hours before observationAntecedent atmospheric temperature - rolling average 1 week before observationAntecedent precipitation - rolling average 2 weeks prior to observationAntecedent soil temperature - rolling average 12 hours prior to observationAntecedent soil temperature - rolling average 24 hours prior to observationAntecedent soil temperature - rolling average 48 hours prior to observationAntecedent soil temperature - rolling average 1 week prior to observationAntecedent soil temperature - rolling average 2 weeks prior to observationOxidation Reduction Potential - missing values were imputed using overall meanCarbon dioxide - missing values were imputed using overall meanAtmospheric temperature - missing values were imputed using overall meanVolumetric water content - missing values were imputed using overall meanBarometric pressure - missing values were imputed using overall meanWind speed - missing values were imputed using the overall meanWind gust speed - missing values imputed using overall meanWind direction - missing values imputed using overall mean Relative humidity - missing values imputed using overall meanDew point - missing values imputed using the overall meanJulian date of observation
Storage Type:float  
dateTime  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
string  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
Measurement Type:ratiodateTimeratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratiorationominalratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratioratio
Measurement Values Domain:
Unitno units
Typeinteger
FormatMM/D/YY HH:MM
Precision
Unitmillimeter
Typereal
Unitcelsius
Typereal
Unitpercent
Typereal
UnitmicrosiemensPerCentimeter
Typereal
Unitmillimeter
Typereal
Unitmillimeter
Typereal
Unitmillimeter
Typereal
Unitmillimeter
Typereal
Unitmillimeter
Typereal
UnitmeterCubedPerMeterCubed
Typereal
UnitmeterCubedPerMeterCubed
Typereal
UnitmeterCubedPerMeterCubed
Typereal
Unitmillimeter
Typereal
Unitmillimeter
Typereal
Unitmillimeter
Typereal
Unitmillimeter
Typereal
Unitcelsius
Typereal
Unitcelsius
Typereal
Unitcelsius
Typereal
Unitcelsius
Typereal
Unitcelsius
Typereal
Unitcelsius
Typereal
Unitmillivolt
Typereal
DefinitionCarbon dioxide - missing values were imputed using overall mean
Unitcelsius
Typereal
UnitmeterCubedPerMeterCubed
Typereal
Unitmillibar
Typereal
UnitmeterPerSecond
Typereal
UnitmeterPerSecond
Typereal
Unitdegree
Typereal
Unitpercent
Typereal
Unitcelsius
Typereal
Unitno units
Typeinteger
Missing Value Code:                                                                      
Accuracy Report:                                                                      
Accuracy Assessment:                                                                      
Coverage:                                                                      
Methods:                                                                      

Data Package Usage Rights

This information is released under the Creative Commons license - Attribution - CC BY (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). The consumer of these data ("Data User" herein) is required to cite it appropriately in any publication that results from its use. The Data User should realize that these data may be actively used by others for ongoing research and that coordination may be necessary to prevent duplicate publication. The Data User is urged to contact the authors of these data if any questions about methodology or results occur. Where appropriate, the Data User is encouraged to consider collaboration or co-authorship with the authors. The Data User should realize that misinterpretation of data may occur if used out of context of the original study. While substantial efforts are made to ensure the accuracy of data and associated documentation, complete accuracy of data sets cannot be guaranteed. All data are made available "as is." The Data User should be aware, however, that data are updated periodically and it is the responsibility of the Data User to check for new versions of the data. The data authors and the repository where these data were obtained shall not be liable for damages resulting from any use or misinterpretation of the data. Thank you.

Keywords

By Thesaurus:
(No thesaurus)high-frequency, soil oxygen, self-organizing map, clustering algorithm, soil conditions

Methods and Protocols

These methods, instrumentation and/or protocols apply to all data in this dataset:

Methods and protocols used in the collection of this data package
Description:

To identify suites of soil conditions (clusters) associated with various soil O2 regimes, we employed a Kohonen unsupervised Self-Organizing Map (SOM) approach using the kohonen package in R (Wehrens & Buydens, 2007). We used an “unsupervised approach”, meaning we fed independent variables to the model and excluded the response variable, O2. Furthermore, we did not constrain the number of outcome clusters (i.e., soil condition descriptors), so that we could empirically determine the most suitable number of clusters for our dataset. We first used exploratory data analysis to identify independent variables with a potential to be linked to O2 variability within our sites, and to examine meaningful ranges of O2 as the response variable. We also selected input variables by examining component planes generated by early iterations of the SOM, which allow for the visualization of clustering according to each independent variable. We then ran an SOM analysis approach, which involved several iterative steps, to optimize SOM execution and validate clusters, as described below. The SOM mapped our multivariate dataset to a two-dimensional map/lattice, where observations linked to similar combinations of values for input variables were situated in close proximity. Finally, we compared O2 values across clusters, post hoc, to better understand drivers of specific O2 ranges.

People and Organizations

Publishers:
Organization:Environmental Data Initiative
Email Address:
info@environmentaldatainitiative.org
Web Address:
https://environmentaldatainitiative.org
Id:https://ror.org/0330j0z60
Creators:
Individual: Brittany V Lancellotti
Organization:Virgin Islands EPSCoR
Position:Postdoctoral Associate
Email Address:
brittany.lancellotti@uvi.edu
Individual: Kristen L Underwood
Organization:University of Vermont
Position: Research Assistant Professor
Email Address:
Kristen.Underwood@uvm.edu
Individual: Julia N Perdrial
Organization:University of Vermont
Position: Associate Professor of Geochemistry
Email Address:
Julia.Perdrial@uvm.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2581-9341
Individual: Carol E Adair
Organization:University of Vermont
Position: Associate Professor
Email Address:
carol.adair@uvm.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8567-9045
Individual: Andrew W Schroth
Organization:University of Vermont
Position:Research Associate Professor
Email Address:
Andrew.Schroth@uvm.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5553-3208
Individual: Eric D Roy
Organization:University of Vermont
Position:Assistant Professor
Email Address:
eric.roy.1@uvm.edu
Contacts:
Individual: Brittany V Lancellotti
Organization:Virgin Islands EPSCoR
Position:Postdoctoral Associate
Email Address:
brittany.lancellotti@uvi.edu
Metadata Providers:
Individual: Brittany V Lancellotti
Organization:Virgin Islands EPSCoR
Position:Postdoctoral Associate
Email Address:
brittany.lancellotti@uvi.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4148-944X

Temporal, Geographic and Taxonomic Coverage

Temporal, Geographic and/or Taxonomic information that applies to all data in this dataset:

Time Period
Begin:
2017
End:
2020
Geographic Region:
Description:This study takes place within the Missisquoi basin, a subbasin of the Lake Champlain Basin, located within the State of Vermont, USA, and the province of Quebec, Canada.
Bounding Coordinates:
Northern:  44.993083Southern:  44.67658
Western:  -73.251831Eastern:  -72.440216

Project

Parent Project Information:

Title:Complex drivers of riparian soil oxygen variability revealed using self-organizing maps
Personnel:
Individual: Brittany V Lancellotti
Position:Postdoctoral Associate
Email Address:
brittany.lancellotti@uvi.edu
Role:Manuscript author
Abstract:

Oxygen (O2) is a key regulator of soil reduction-oxidation processes and therefore modulates biogeochemical cycles. The difficulties associated with accurately characterizing soil O2 variability have prompted the use of soil moisture as a proxy for soil O2, based on the low solubility of O2 in water. Due to seasonal shifts in soil O2 depletion mechanisms, the use of soil moisture alone as a proxy measurement could result in inaccurate O2 estimations. For example, soil O2 may remain high during cool months when soil respiration rates are low. We analyzed high-frequency sensor data (e.g., soil moisture, temperature, CO2, O2) with a machine learning technique, the Self-Organizing Map, to pinpoint suites of soil conditions that are associated with contrasting O2 regimes. At two low-lying riparian sites in contrasting land use and topographic settings of northern Vermont, we found that soil O2 levels varied seasonally, and with soil moisture. For example, forty-seven percent of low O2 levels were associated with cool and wet soil conditions, whereas 32% were associated with warm and dry conditions. Contrastingly, the majority (62%) of high O2 conditions occurred under warm and dry conditions. High soil moisture levels did not always lead to low O2, however, as 38% of high O2 values occurred under cool and wet conditions. Our results highlight challenges associated with predicting soil O2 solely based on soil moisture, as variable combinations of soil and site-specific hydrologic conditions can complicate the relationship between soil water content and O2. This indicates that process-based ecosystem and denitrification models that rely solely on soil moisture to estimate O2 availability will, in some cases, need to incorporate other site and climate-specific drivers to accurately predict soil O2.

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