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From 2014 to 2021, multiple whole-ecosystem manipulations were conducted at Falling Creek Reservoir. These manipulations include intermittent operation of hypolimnetic oxygenation and pulsed epilimnetic mixing engineering systems. For a detailed description of the hypolimnetic oxygenation engineered system, see Gerling et al. (2014) and for a detailed description of the epilimnetic mixing engineered system, see Chen et al. (2017). These systems were operated over time following Table 1 in Gerling et al. (2016), Table 1 in Munger et al. (2016), Table 2 in McClure et al. (2018), and Table SI.1 in Hounshell et al. (2020). Additional hypolimnetic oxygenation and epilimnetic mixing events not currently detailed in peer-reviewed articles are listed below:
2017: EM was activated on 29 May and from 10-12 July.
2019: HOx was activated during the following time periods: 03 June to 17 June, 08 July to 22 July, 05 August to 19 August, 02 September to 20 November.
2020: HOx was activated during the following time periods: 29 June to 11 September, 25 September to 02 December.
2021: HOx was activated during the following time periods: 11 June to 26 June, 12 July to 14 July, 26 July to 6 December
Author Contributions:
MES has been PI for this project since its inception and has developed and implemented the metals reservoir monitoring program; NWH led sampling, data analysis, and QAQC from 2019 until fall 2021; KMK led sampling, data analysis, and QAQC from 2015 to 2018; ZWM led sampling, data analysis, and QAQC from 2014 to 2015; CM led data analysis and QAQC from fall 2021 until present; ABP led the field crew and contributed substantially to sampling in 2021.
References:
Chen, S., C. Lei, C.C. Carey, P.A. Gantzer, and J.C. Little. 2017. Predicting hypolimnetic oxygenation and epilimnetic mixing in a shallow eutrophic reservoir using a coupled three-dimensional hydrodynamic model. Water Resources Research. 53: 470-484. DOI: 10.1002/2016WR019279
Gerling, A.B., Browne, R.G., Gantzer, P.A., Mobley, M.H., Little, J.C., and C.C. Carey. 2014. First report of the successful operation of a side stream supersaturation hypolimnetic oxygenation system in a eutrophic, shallow reservoir. Water Research. 67: 129-143. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.09.002
Gerling, A.B., Z.W. Munger, J.P. Doubek, K.D. Hamre, P.A. Gantzer, J.C. Little, and C.C. Carey. 2016. Whole-catchment manipulations of internal and external loading reveal the sensitivity of a century-old reservoir to hypoxia. Ecosystems. 19:555-571. DOI: 10.1007/s10021-015-9951-0
Hounshell, A.G., McClure, R.P., Lofton, M.E., and C.C. Carey. 2020. Whole-ecosystem oxygenation experiments reveal substantially greater hypolimnetic methane concentrations in reservoirs during anoxia. Limnology and Oceanography Letters. DOI: 10.1002/lol2.10173
Krueger, K.M. 2019. Metal fluxes across the sediment water interface in a drinking water reservoir. MS Thesis, Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/90297
McClure, R.P., K.D. Hamre, B.R. Niederlehner, Z.W. Munger, S. Chen, M.E. Lofton, M.E. Schreiber, and C.C. Carey. 2018 Metalimnetic oxygen minima alter the vertical profiles of carbon dioxide and methane in a managed freshwater reservoir. Science of the Total Environment 636: 610-620. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.255
Munger, Z.W., C.C. Carey, A.B. Gerling, K.D. Hamre, J.P. Doubek, S.D. Klepatzki, R.P. McClure, and M.E. Schreiber. 2016. Effectiveness of hypolimnetic oxygenation for preventing accumulation of Fe and Mn in a drinking water reservoir. Water Research. 106: 1-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.038.
Lofton, M.E., McClure, R.P., Chen, S., Little, J.C., and C.C. Carey. 2019. Whole-ecosystem experiments reveal varying responses of phytoplankton functional groups to epilimnetic mixing in a eutrophic reservoir. Water. 11, 222; DOI:10.3390/w11020222.
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