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Marcell Experimental Forest peat core extraction chemical analysis data (DOC, Fe, Ca, Mg, K, P, Al)

General Information
Data Package:
Local Identifier:edi.756.1
Title:Marcell Experimental Forest peat core extraction chemical analysis data (DOC, Fe, Ca, Mg, K, P, Al)
Alternate Identifier:DOI PLACE HOLDER
Abstract:

This data set reports iron (Fe), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), and aluminum (Al) measured in extractions of soil cores sampled from two boreal peatlands, the S1 and S2 bogs, in the Marcell Experimental Forest (MEF) in Itasca County, Minnesota. The soil cores were sampled on September 2, 2017. Elements were quantified in extractions with hydrochloric acid, sodium dithionite, sodium sulfate, and sodium dithionite plus hydrochloric acid to examine how iron influences carbon and nutrient cycling in peatlands. The S1 and S2 sites are research catchments instrumented for hydrologic monitoring. The S1 bog is also the location of the Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Changing Environments (SPRUCE) experiment. These data are used, analyzed, and reported in Curtinrich et al. (2021, Ecosystems).

Publication Date:2021-04-08

Time Period
Begin:
2017-09-02
End:
2017-09-02

People and Organizations
Contact:Data Manager, Marcell Experimental Forest [  email ]
Creator:Curtinrich, Holly J (Iowa State University)
Creator:Hall, Steven J (Iowa State University)
Creator:Sebestyen, Stephen D (USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station)

Data Entities
Data Table Name:
peat core extraction data
Description:
Marcell Experimental Forest peat core extraction chemical analysis data
Detailed Metadata

Data Entities


Data Table

Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/756/1/d0789f9daa447f3cd2ed1d2f03148c90
Name:peat core extraction data
Description:Marcell Experimental Forest peat core extraction chemical analysis data
Number of Records:44
Number of Columns:44

Table Structure
Object Name:peatdata.csv
Size:10852 bytes
Authentication:84688f179f941c26b47d4f69818f2d5e Calculated By MD5
Text Format:
Number of Header Lines:1
Record Delimiter:\r\n
Orientation:column
Simple Delimited:
Field Delimiter:,

Table Column Descriptions
 
Column Name:Peatland  
Core  
Depth_range  
mid_point_depth  
Fe_dithionite_plus_HCl  
Fe_sulfate  
Fe2_HCl  
Fe3_HCl  
Fe_HCl  
K_dithionite  
Ca_dithionite  
Mg_dithionite  
Fe_dithionite_ICP  
P_dithionite  
Al_dithionite  
K_dithionite_plus_HCl  
Ca_dithionite_plus_HCl  
Mg_dithionite_plus_HCl  
Fe_dithionite_plus_HCl_ICP  
P_dithionite_plus_HCl  
Al_dithionite_plus_HCl  
K_sulfate  
Ca_sulfate  
Mg_sulfate  
Fe_sulfate_ICP  
P_sulfate  
Al_sulfate  
DOC_dithionite  
DOC_sulfate  
Fe_associated_C  
Fe3_phases  
Fe_dithionite_plus_HCl_volume  
Fe2_HCl_volume  
Fe3_HCl_volume  
Fe_HCl_volume  
Fe_sulfate_volume  
DOC_dithionite_volume  
DOC_sulfate_volume  
Fe_associated_C_volume  
Fe3_phases_volume  
pH  
Ca_dithionite_plus_HCl_minus_Ca_sulfate  
Mg_dithionite_plus_HCl_minus_Mg_sulfate  
P_dithionite_plus_HCl_minus_P_sulfate  
Definition:The bog that the sample was collected fromThe core that the sample was collected from. Cores 1 and 2 were from the S1 bog and cores 3 and 4 were from the S2 bog.The depth range of the sample in centimetersThe average depth of the soil core sample rounded to the nearest whole number.The concentration of iron in the dithionite extraction plus the concentration of iron in the subsequent HCl extraction after accounting for iron remaining in the residual supernatant.The concentration of iron in the sulfate extraction.The concentration of ferrous iron in the HCl extraction.The concentration of ferric iron in the HCl extraction.The concentration of total iron (ferrous iron plus ferric iron) in the HCl extraction.The concentration of potassium in the dithionite extraction.The concentration of calcium in the dithionite extraction.The concentration of magnesium in the dithionite extraction.The concentration of iron in the dithionite extraction measured on the ICP.The concentration of phosphorus in the dithionite extraction.The concentration of aluminum in the dithionite extraction.The concentration of potassium in the dithionite extraction plus the concentration of potassium in the subsequent HCl extraction after accounting for potassium remaining in the residual supernatant.The concentration of calcium in the dithionite extraction plus the concentration of calcium in the subsequent HCl extraction after accounting for calcium remaining in the residual supernatant.The concentration of magnesium in the dithionite extraction plus the concentration of magnesium in the subsequent HCl extraction after accounting for magnesium remaining in the residual supernatant.The concentration of iron in the dithionite extraction plus the concentration of iron in the subsequent HCl extraction after accounting for iron remaining in the residual supernatant measured on the ICP.The concentration of phosphorus in the dithionite extraction plus the concentration of phosphorus in the subsequent HCl extraction after accounting for phosphorus remaining in the residual supernatant.The concentration of aluminum in the dithionite extraction plus the concentration of aluminum in the subsequent HCl extraction after accounting for aluminum remaining in the residual supernatant.The concentration of potassium in the sulfate extraction.The concentration of calcium in the sulfate extraction.The concentration of magnesium in the sulfate extraction.The concentration of iron in the sulfate extraction measured on the ICP.The concentration of phosphorus in the sulfate extraction.The concentration of aluminum in the sulfate extraction.The concentration of dissolved organic carbon in the dithionite extraction.The concentration of dissolved organic carbon in the sulfate extraction.The concentration of iron-associated carbon calculated as the difference between the concentration of dissolved organic carbon in the dithionite extraction and the concentration of dissolved organic carbon in the sulfate extraction.The concentration of ferric iron phases calculated as the difference between the concentration of iron in the dithionite plus HCl extraction and the concentration of ferrous iron in the HCl extraction.The concentration of iron in the dithionite plus HCl extraction expressed on a volume basis.The concentration of ferrous iron in the HCl extraction expressed on a volume basis.The concentration of ferric iron in the HCl extraction expressed on a volume basis.The concentration of total iron (ferrous iron plus ferric iron) in the HCl extraction expressed on a volume basis.The concentration of iron in the sulfate extraction expressed on a volume basis.The concentration of dissolved organic carbon in the dithionite extraction expressed on a volume basis.The concentration of dissolved organic carbon in the sulfate extraction expressed on a volume basis.The concentration of iron-associated carbon expressed on a volume basis.The concentration of ferric iron phases expressed on a volume basis.pH of the soil samples.The difference between the concentration of calcium in the dithionite plus HCl extraction and the concentration of calcium in the sulfate extraction.The difference between the concentration of magnesium in the dithionite plus HCl extraction and the concentration of magnesium in the sulfate extraction.The difference between the concentration of phosphorus in the dithionite plus HCl extraction and the concentration of phosphorus in the sulfate extraction.
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Measurement Values Domain:
Allowed Values and Definitions
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Code Definition
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Code Definition
CodeS2
DefinitionS2 bog
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Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code1
DefinitionCore 1 (from S1 bog)
Source
Code Definition
Code2
DefinitionCore 2 (from S1 bog)
Source
Code Definition
Code3
DefinitionCore 3 (from S2 bog)
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Code Definition
Code4
DefinitionCore 4 (from S2 bog)
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DefinitionThe depth range of the sample in centimeters
Unitcentimeter
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Max72.95 
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Max30.03 
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Max30.94 
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Max43.71 
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Max31.98 
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Max85.68 
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Max34.46 
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Max54.14 
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Min0.25 
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Max107.95 
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Max36.91 
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Min8.21 
Max83.07 
UnitmicromolePerGram
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Max10.91 
UnitmicromolePerGram
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Max136.77 
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Max28.13 
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Max75.67 
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Max29.32 
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Max5.55 
UnitmicromolePerGram
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Max13.53 
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Max1343.71 
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Max413.7 
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Max1006.16 
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Max60.18 
UnitmicromolePerGram
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Max4.88 
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Max4.56 
UnitmicromolePerGram
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Max4.9 
UnitmicromolePerGram
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Min0.02 
Max0.91 
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Min29.89 
Max85.54 
UnitmicromolePerGram
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Min9.97 
Max64.58 
UnitmicromolePerGram
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Min
Max47.15 
UnitmicromolePerGram
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Min
Max2.81 
Unitdimensionless
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Min3.32 
Max4.78 
UnitmicromolePerGram
Typereal
Min-3.66 
Max41.23 
UnitmicromolePerGram
Typereal
Min0.26 
Max8.89 
UnitmicromolePerGram
Typereal
Min
Max5.36 
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Accuracy Report:                                                                                        
Accuracy Assessment:                                                                                        
Coverage:                                                                                        
Methods:                                                                                        

Data Package Usage Rights

This information is released under the Creative Commons license - Attribution - CC BY (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). The consumer of these data (\"Data User\" herein) is required to cite it appropriately in any publication that results from its use. The Data User should realize that these data may be actively used by others for ongoing research and that coordination may be necessary to prevent duplicate publication. The Data User is urged to contact the authors of these data if any questions about methodology or results occur. Where appropriate, the Data User is encouraged to consider collaboration or co-authorship with the authors. The Data User should realize that misinterpretation of data may occur if used out of context of the original study. While substantial efforts are made to ensure the accuracy of data and associated documentation, complete accuracy of data sets cannot be guaranteed. All data are made available \"as is.\" The Data User should be aware, however, that data are updated periodically and it is the responsibility of the Data User to check for new versions of the data. The data authors and the repository where these data were obtained shall not be liable for damages resulting from any use or misinterpretation of the data. Thank you.

Keywords

By Thesaurus:
LTER Controlled Vocabularypeatland, bogs, wetland, phosphorus
National Research & Development TaxonomyEcology, Ecosystems, & Environment, Natural Resource Management & Use, Inventory, Monitoring, & Analysis
ISO 19115 Topic CategoryinlandWaters
MEF VocabularyMarcell Experimental Forest, Minnesota, MEF, mineral-associated carbon, redox

Methods and Protocols

These methods, instrumentation and/or protocols apply to all data in this dataset:

Methods and protocols used in the collection of this data package
Description:

Site Description

The S1 and S2 bogs are located in the Marcell Experimental Forest (near Grand Rapids, MN, USA; 93.472 degrees W, 47.504 degrees N and 93.473 degrees W, 47.514 degrees N, respectively; Sebestyen et al., 2021a). From 1961 to 2019, mean annual precipitation was 78.7 cm and mean annual temperature was 3.6 degrees C (Sebestyen et al., 2021a). The S1 bog has an area of 8.1 ha, a maximum elevation of 430 m, and an outlet elevation of 412 m. The S2 bog has an area of 3.2 ha, a maximum elevation of 430 m, and an outlet elevation of 420 m (Sebestyen et al., 2011b). Both bogs are acidic, with pH values near 4 (Griffiths and Sebestyen, 2016; Sebestyen et al., 2021b), and ombrotrophic, with precipitation as the dominant water source (Verry, 1975). Each bog is drained by an intermittent stream (Sebestyen et al., 2011b; Verry et al., 2011). Vegetation consists mostly of black spruce (Picea mariana), Sphagnum species, and ericaceous shrubs (Sebestyen et al., 2011b). Trees in the S1 bog were experimentally harvested in 1969 and 1974 with no effect on bog water table or stream water yield (Sebestyen et al., 2011a). The S2 bog has been used as a reference peatland for experiments at surrounding sites (Sebestyen et al., 2011b).The S1 bog is the site of the Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Changing Environments (SPRUCE) experiment (Hanson et al., 2017). The cores from the S1 bog are associated with our research in the SPRUCE project (Curtinrich et al, 2021), but the cores were collected outside of enclosed plots.

Sample collection

Two peat cores were sampled from each bog (S1 and S2) in September 2017 with a stainless-steel Russian corer (5 cm diameter; Eijelkamp Agriresearch Eqiupment, Giesbeek, The Netherlands). Cores were taken from the hollow surface to 2 m depth and divided in increments of 10 cm for the first 50 cm and 25 cm thereafter. Samples were sealed in polyethylene bags, kept on ice until arrival at the field lab, and maintained at -20 degrees C until analysis. Thawed samples were homogenized inside the bags, and subsamples (still at field moisture content) were immediately subjected to several chemical extractions and moisture and pH measurements. Gravimetric moisture content was determined by drying ~10 g at 100 degrees C for > 48 h, and pH was measured by placing an electrode into a ~5 g aliquot of each field-moist sample.

Measurements

Concentrations of ferrous, Fe(II), and ferric, Fe(III), were quantified in 0.5 mol/L hydrochloric acid (HCl) extractions with an approximate ratio of 1:30 dry mass equivalent to solution. Samples were vortexed for 1 min, shaken at 120 rpm for one h on a rotary shaker, and centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 min. The supernatant was removed by pipette and stored in the dark at 4 degrees C. Total Fe and Fe(II) were colorimetrically measured using a ferrozine method (Huang and Hall, 2017b) on a microplate spectrophotometer (Biotek Synergy HT, Winooski VT). Iron(III) was calculated as the difference between total Fe and Fe(II) (Huang and Hall, 2017). Sample values were calibrated as described in Huang and Hall (2017b) using a six-point curve.

Additional field-moist peat subsamples were extracted with 0.05 mol/L sodium dithionite in a ratio of 1:180 dry mass equivalent to solution. This extraction reduces Fe(III) to Fe(II), releasing C that was directly or indirectly associated with Fe(III). In principle, dithionite solubilizes the entire Fe(III) pool, unless it is shielded from reductive dissolution by other minerals or organics (Senesi et al., 1977). Samples were vortexed for 1 min, shaken for 16 h, and centrifuged for 10 min at 20,000 g. The supernatant was removed and residues were further extracted with 0.05 mol/L HCl to dissolve any Fe that may have precipitated with sulfides (Wagai and Mayer, 2007). Separate subsamples were extracted with 0.05 mol/L sodium sulfate to account for any organic C released following ion exchange with sulfate, the oxidation product of dithionite (Wagai and Mayer, 2007). We also measured Fe in the sulfate extractions, interpreted as the soluble or weakly exchangeable Fe pool. The dithionite and sulfate extractions were done in parallel on replicate subsamples, not sequentially, due to the difficulty of completely removing the solution without removing the peat. The dithionite and sulfate extractions were acidified to pH ~2 with hydrochloric acid (HCl) to inhibit microbial activity before storage at 4 degrees C. The concentration of Fe in these extractions was measured with ferrozine as described above (Huang and Hall, 2017b). We calculated Fe in the dithionite plus HCl extraction as the sum of Fe in the dithionite and the subsequent HCl extraction after accounting for Fe remaining in the residual supernatant.

The DOC in the dithionite and sulfate extractions was determined by wet oxidation following Huang and Hall (2017a) adapted from Lang et al (2012). Solutions were combined with powdered potassium persulfate as an oxidant, acidified with phosphoric acid, and sealed in gas-tight vials. Samples were bubbled with carbon dioxide-free air to remove dissolved inorganic carbon and headspace carbon dioxide and heated to 102 degrees C on a block heater to oxidize DOC to carbon dioxide, which was measured by injection into a tunable diode laser (Campbell Scientific TGA200A, Logan UT). Carbon dioxide concentrations were calibrated with a five-point quadratic curve. Sample DOC values were then calibrated with a linear curve using standards prepared in the same matrix as the samples. A six-point curve was used for the dithionite extraction and a seven-point curve was used for the sulfate extraction. We calculated Fe-associated C as the difference between DOC in the dithionite and sulfate extractions (Wagai and Mayer, 2007). We also expressed Fe and DOC on a volume basis using bulk density data from cores sampled previously in the S1 bog (Iversen et al., 2014).

Calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium, phosphorus, and aluminum were measured in the dithionite plus HCl, dithionite, and sulfate extractions with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES; Perkin Elmer Optima 5300 DV, Waltham, MA). Iron was measured by ICP-OES to further validate the colorimetric method used in the other analyses. Check standards were run every 10 samples on the ICP. To calibrate ICP values, a four-point linear curve was used with standards prepared in the same matrix as the samples.

Values below the detection limit are reported in the data.

Detection limits:

Ferrous iron 0.04 mg/L

Ferric iron 0.07 mg/L

Dissolved organic carbon in the dithionite extraction 1.3 mg/L

Dissolved organic carbon in the sulfate extraction 0.4 mg/L

Iron in the dithionite extraction measured on the ICP 0.02 mg/L

Potassium in the dithionite extraction 0.003 mg/L

Calcium in the dithionite extraction 0.02 mg/L

Magnesium in the dithionite extraction 0.005 mg/L

Phosphorus in the dithionite extraction 0.02 mg/L

Aluminum in the dithionite extraction 0.03 mg/L

Iron in the dithionite plus HCl extraction measured on the ICP 0.4 mg/L

Potassium in the dithionite plus HCl extraction 0.008 mg/L

Calcium in the dithionite plus HCl extraction 0.1 mg/L

Magnesium in the dithionite plus HCl extraction 0.007 mg/L

Phosphorus in the dithionite plus HCl extraction 0.0009 mg/L

Aluminum in the dithionite plus HCl extraction 0.1 mg/L

Iron in the sulfate extraction measured on the ICP 0.004 mg/L

Potassium in the sulfate extraction 0.0006 mg/L

Calcium in the sulfate extraction 0.02 mg/L

Magnesium in the sulfate extraction 0.005 mg/L

Phosphorus in the sulfate extraction 0.001 mg/L

Aluminum in the sulfate extraction 0.003 mg/L

References

Curtinrich, H. J., Sebestyen, S. D., Griffiths, N. A., and Hall, S. J. (2021). Warming stimulates iron‐mediated carbon and nutrient cycling in mineral-poor peatlands. Ecosystems. In press.

Griffiths, N. A. and Sebestyen, S. D.: Dynamic vertical profiles of peat porewater chemistry in a northern peatland, Wetlands, 36, 1119–1130, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-016-0829-5, 2016.

Hanson, P. J., Riggs, J. S., Nettles, W. R., Phillips, J. R., Krassovski, M. B., Hook, L. A., Gu, L., Richardson, A. D., Aubrecht, D. M., Ricciuto, D. M., Warren, J. M., and Barbier, C.: Attaining whole-ecosystem warming using air and deep-soil heating methods with an elevated CO2 atmosphere, Biogeosciences, 14, 861–883, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-861-2017, 2017.

Huang, W. and Hall, S. J.: Elevated moisture stimulates carbon loss from mineral soils by releasing protected organic matter, Nat. Commun., 8, 1774, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01998-z, 2017a.

Huang, W. and Hall, S. J.: Optimized high-throughput methods for quantifying iron biogeochemical dynamics in soil, Geoderma, 306, 67–72, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.07.013, 2017b.

Iversen, C., Hanson, P., Brice, D., Phillips, J., McFarlane, K., Hobbie, E., and Kolka, R.: SPRUCE peat physical and chemical characteristics from experimental plot cores, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/SPRUCE.005, 2014.

Lang, S. Q., Bernasconi, S. M., and Früh‐Green, G. L.: Stable isotope analysis of organic carbon in small (ug C) samples and dissolved organic matter using a GasBench preparation device, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 26, 9–16, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.5287, 2012.

Sebestyen, S. D., Verry, E. S., and Brooks, K. N.: Hydrological responses to changes in forest cover on uplands and peatlands, in: Peatland biogeochemistry and watershed hydrology at the Marcell Experimental Forest, edited by: Kolka, R. K., Sebesteyen, S. D., Verry, E. S., and Brooks, K. N., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 401–432, 2011a.

Sebestyen, S. D., Dorrance, C., Olson, D., Verry, E. S., Kolka, R. K., Elling, A. E., and Kyllander, R.: Long-term monitoring sites and trends at the Marcell Experimental Forest, in: Peatland biogeochemistry and watershed hydrology at the Marcell Experimental Forest, edited by: Kolka, R. K., Sebestyen, S. D., Verry, E. S., and Brooks, K., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 15–71, https://doi.org/10.1201/b10708-3, 2011b.

Sebestyen, S. D., Lany, N. K., Roman, D. T., Burdick, J. M., Kyllander, R. L., Verry, E. S., and Kolka, R. K.: Hydrological and meteorological data from research catchments at the Marcell Experimental Forest, Hydrol. Process., n/a, e14092, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14092, 2021a.

Sebestyen, S. D., Funke, M., and Cotner, J. B.: Sources and biodegradability of dissolved organic matter in two headwater peatland catchments at the Marcell Experimental Forest, northern Minnesota, USA, Hydrol. Process., 35, e14049, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14049, 2021b.

Senesi, N., Griffith, S. M., Schnitzer, M., and Townsend, M. G.: Binding of Fe3+ by humic materials, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 41, 969–976, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(77)90156-9, 1977.

Verry, E. S.: Streamflow chemistry and nutrient yields from upland-peatland watersheds in Minnesota, Ecology, 56, 1149–1157, https://doi.org/10.2307/1936154, 1975.

Verry, E. S., Brooks, K. N., Nichols, D. S., Ferris, D. R., and Sebestyen, S. D.: Watershed hydrology, in: Peatland biogeochemistry and watershed hydrology at the Marcell Experimental Forest, edited by: Kolka, R. K., Sebestyen, S. D., Verry, E. S., and Brooks, K. N., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 193–212, 2011.

Wagai, R. and Mayer, L. M.: Sorptive stabilization of organic matter in soils by hydrous iron oxides, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 71, 25–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.08.047, 2007.

People and Organizations

Publishers:
Organization:Environmental Data Initiative
Email Address:
info@environmentaldatainitiative.org
Web Address:
https://environmentaldatainitiative.org
Creators:
Individual: Holly J Curtinrich
Organization:Iowa State University
Email Address:
hrich@iastate.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2650-8211
Individual: Steven J Hall
Organization:Iowa State University
Email Address:
stevenjh@iastate.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7841-2019
Individual: Stephen D Sebestyen
Organization:USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station
Email Address:
stephen.sebestyen@usda.gov
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6315-0108
Contacts:
Organization:Data Manager, Marcell Experimental Forest
Email Address:
nina.lany@usda.gov

Temporal, Geographic and Taxonomic Coverage

Temporal, Geographic and/or Taxonomic information that applies to all data in this dataset:

Time Period
Begin:
2017-09-02
End:
2017-09-02
Geographic Region:
Description:Marcell Experimental Forest
Bounding Coordinates:
Northern:  47.57Southern:  47.5
Western:  -93.5Eastern:  -93.45
Sampling Site: 
Description:S1 bog
Site Coordinates:
Longitude (degree): -93.472Latitude (degree): 47.504
Sampling Site: 
Description:S2 bog
Site Coordinates:
Longitude (degree): -93.473Latitude (degree): 47.514

Project

Parent Project Information:

Title:No project title to report
Personnel:
Individual: Steven J Hall
Organization:Iowa State University
Email Address:
stevenjh@iastate.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7841-2019
Role:Principal Investigator
Funding: Iowa State University

Maintenance

Maintenance:
Description:complete
Frequency:
Other Metadata

Additional Metadata

additionalMetadata
        |___text '\n    '
        |___element 'metadata'
        |     |___text '\n      '
        |     |___element 'unitList'
        |     |     |___text '\n        '
        |     |     |___element 'unit'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'id' = 'micromolePerGram'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'name' = 'micromolePerGram'
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'parentSI' = ''
        |     |     |     |  \___attribute 'unitType' = ''
        |     |     |     |___text '\n          '
        |     |     |     |___element 'description'
        |     |     |     |     |___text 'micromoles per gram'
        |     |     |     |___text '\n        '
        |     |     |___text '\n      '
        |     |___text '\n    '
        |___text '\n  '

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