I. Field Collection Methods
Water Quality Water quality parameters are recorded at the start of each sampling event. Water temperature (degrees Celsius), electrical conductivity (microSiemens/cm), specific conductance (microSiemens/cm), pH, dissolved oxygen (mg/L), and turbidity (FNU) are sampled with a YSI ProDSS handheld meter. Turbidity values are averaged over three readings. Secchi depth is measured in the shade. Tide, condition of sampling (condition code), Microcystis level, vegetation rank, and weather are also recorded with water quality parameters.
Drift Invertebrate Collection
A fixed aquatic drift net is used to collect drift invertebrate samples from the Yolo Bypass at the base of the Toe Drain and the Sacramento River at Sherwood Harbor. The net is held at the surface of the water, with approximately two-thirds of the net submerged and one-third of the net above water. Buoys on each side of the net frame hold the net in position (see photos below), and a pole attached to the net is used to help keep the net in place.
Samples are collected on an ebb tide, either on a biweekly or weekly basis (during floodplain inundation). In the Yolo Bypass, samples are collected year-round from or adjacent to the YBFMP rotary screw trap, which is anchored in the middle of the Toe Drain channel. At the Sacramento River site, nets are deployed dockside during periods of higher flows (typically January-June), and from a boat at 2-3 mph when
downstream flows are insufficient (e.g. <2 fps, typically July-December). The net is fished for 10 minutes, though sampling times may be shortened when high levels of debris interfere with sample collection. Tow times are recorded with each sampling event. Samples are washed down with deionized water and preserved in 5% Formalin with Rose Bengal dye to aid in separating organisms from detritus and algae.
Dimensions of the net: 500 micron net, 0.46m x 0.3m rectangular mouth, 0.91m in length, tapering to 0.076m at the cod-end, which is screened with 500 micron mesh. Buoys are attached to the rectangular frame on each side, and are 5.25 inches (13.3cm) long, 3 inches (7.52cm) in diameter, with approximately a 14 inch (35.6cm) circumference. General Oceanics flow meters (Model 2030R) are used to measure water volume. However, due to the drift net being only partially in the water, the flow meter was instead attached to a 500 micron egg & larval net that is deployed at the same time as the drift net until 2021. In 2021, the drift net received its own flowmeter that is attached external to the submerged portion of the net.
II. Sample Processing and Tracking
Sample Tracking Samples are tracked on an excel spreadsheet. A chain of custody (COC) listing sample number, date, time, location, type, and study/project is sent to contractors, who check that all samples are accounted for. Signatures are required of both the person responsible for sending the sample package, and the person receiving it. Once the sample is sent, the contractor is notified of approximate date of delivery.
Sample transfer After being stored for a minimum of two weeks in 5% formalin, invertebrate samples are rinsed through a 250 micron sieve. Large debris (leaves, sticks, etc.) are carefully rinsed and removed. The remaining sample is retained for identification and transferred to 70% ethanol. Samples are securely packaged to prevent leakage and breakage. Samples are then shipped to contractors for taxonomic identification. The contractors return the samples to DWR after completing analyses.
Identification and Enumeration Drift invertebrate samples are rinsed and passed through a 500micron sieve and processed under a lighted, stereoscopic microscope with a minimum magnification of 10X. Material remaining on the sieve is processed by removing all organisms from the sample for identification. All aquatic insects and non-insects are identified to the family level and counted, and all terrestrial insects and non-insects are identified to the order level and counted. All organisms are identified to life-history stage (nymph, larvae, pupae, emergent, or adult), sorted for counts per life-stage, and both wet and dry weights (to 0.0001g) are quantified for each life-stage group.
Sample Archive
Samples are stored by the contractor for up to 90 days, then returned to DWR for storage.
Ichthyoplankton Collection
A fixed net is used to collect ichthyoplankton samples from the Yolo Bypass at the base of the Toe Drain and the Sacramento River at Sherwood Harbor. Samples are collected on an ebb tide, either on a biweekly or weekly basis (during floodplain inundation). In the Yolo Bypass, samples are collected from January to the end of June from or adjacent to the YBFMP rotary screw trap, which is anchored in the middle of the Toe Drain channel. Sampling is no longer conducted in the Sacramento River due to low historical catch. See historical changes for more information. The net is fished just below the surface for 10 minutes, though sampling times may be shortened when high levels of debris interfere with sample collection. Tow times are recorded with each sampling event. Samples are washed down with deionized water and preserved in 5% Formalin with Rose Bengal dye to aid in separating organisms from detritus and algae. Dimensions of the plankton net are as follows: 500-micron conical net, 2.5 m long with a 0.75 m diameter opening, equipped polyethylene cod-end jar screened with 500-micron mesh. General Oceanics flow meters (Model 2030R) are used to measure water volume.
II. Sample Processing and Tracking
Sample Tracking Samples are tracked on an excel spreadsheet. A chain of custody (COC) listing sample number, date, time, location, type, and study/project is sent to contractors, who check that all samples are accounted for. Signatures are required of both the person responsible for sending the sample package, and the person receiving it. Once the sample is sent, the contractor is notified of approximate date of delivery.
Sample transfer After being stored for a minimum of two weeks in 5% formalin, ichthyoplankton samples are rinsed through a 250-micron sieve. Large debris (leaves, sticks, etc.) are carefully rinsed and removed. The remaining sample is retained for identification and transferred to 70% ethanol. Samples are securely packaged to prevent leakage and breakage. Samples are then shipped to contractors for taxonomic identification. The contractors return the samples to DWR after completing analyses.
Identification and Enumeration The contractor filters samples through a 500-micron sieve. Samples are processed under a lighted, stereoscopic microscope with a minimum magnification of 5X. The ichthyoplankton (including their eggs) samples are enumerated and identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible (species preferred). The life stage for all enumerated ichthyoplankton samples is identified and recorded as either eggs, yolk-sac larvae, preflexion larvae, flexion larvae, post flexion larvae, or juveniles. All eggs are counted and identified to Family (species preferred). Up to 30 individuals of each ichthyoplankton species are measured in millimeters and recorded as both total length and fork length for each sample.
Sample Archive
Samples are stored by the contractor for up to 90 days, then returned to DWR for storage.