Data Package Metadata   View Summary

Time series of dissolved methane and carbon dioxide concentrations for Falling Creek Reservoir and Beaverdam Reservoir in southwestern Virginia, USA during 2015-2023

General Information
Data Package:
Local Identifier:edi.997.6
Title:Time series of dissolved methane and carbon dioxide concentrations for Falling Creek Reservoir and Beaverdam Reservoir in southwestern Virginia, USA during 2015-2023
Alternate Identifier:DOI PLACE HOLDER
Abstract:

Surface samples and depth profiles of carbon dioxide and methane concentrations were sampled from 2015 to 2023 in two drinking water reservoirs in southwestern Virginia, USA: Beaverdam Reservoir (Vinton, Virginia) and Falling Creek Reservoir (Vinton, Virginia). Both reservoirs are owned and operated by the Western Virginia Water Authority as primary or secondary drinking water sources for Roanoke, Virginia. The dataset consists of depth profiles of dissolved greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide, methane) samples measured at the deepest site of each reservoir adjacent to the dam. Additional surface samples were collected at a gauged weir on Falling Creek Reservoir's primary inflow tributary, from a wetland adjacent to Falling Creek Reservoir, and from the reservoir outflow. At Beaverdam Reservoir, additional samples were collected at three outflow points below the dam and at the mid-reservoir outflow. Samples were collected approximately fortnightly from March-April, weekly from May-October, and monthly in November-February at Falling Creek Reservoir and Beaverdam Reservoir. In 2019, surface samples along the stream and reservoir continuum from both Falling Creek Reservoir and Beaverdam Reservoir were collected monthly during the summer stratified period (see site descriptions file for geographic coordinates of sampling sites).

Publication Date:2024-01-10
For more information:
Visit: DOI PLACE HOLDER

Time Period
Begin:
2015-03-31
End:
2023-12-31

People and Organizations
Contact:Carey, Cayelan C. (Virginia Tech) [  email ]
Creator:Carey, Cayelan C. (Virginia Tech)
Creator:Breef-Pilz, Adrienne (Virginia Tech)
Creator:Niederlehner, B. R. (Virginia Tech)
Creator:Lewis, Abigail S.L. (Virginia Tech)
Creator:Haynie, George (Virginia Tech)
Creator:Kricheldorf, Michael (Virginia Tech)
Creator:Keverline, Ryan (Virginia Tech)
Creator:Tipper, Evelyn (Virginia Tech)

Data Entities
Data Table Name:
GHG Dataset
Description:
GHG Dataset
Data Table Name:
Site Descriptions
Description:
Descriptions of sites in this dataset with lat/long coordinates
Other Name:
L1 generation script
Description:
R script for GHG QA/QC to generate L1
Other Name:
L1 generation functions
Description:
functions used in the L1 generation script for QA/QC
Other Name:
Visual inspection script
Description:
script to generate plots and combine L1 and EDI products
Other Name:
Maintenance log
Description:
Maintenance log used in L1 generation
Detailed Metadata

Data Entities


Data Table

Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/997/6/38d72673295864956cccd6bbba99a1a3
Name:GHG Dataset
Description:GHG Dataset
Number of Records:6953
Number of Columns:10

Table Structure
Object Name:GHG_2015_2023.csv
Size:456992 bytes
Authentication:c839d4eed527dc56c10b7f4810e953ed Calculated By MD5
Text Format:
Number of Header Lines:1
Record Delimiter:\r\n
Orientation:column
Simple Delimited:
Field Delimiter:,

Table Column Descriptions
 
Column Name:Reservoir  
Site  
DateTime  
Depth_m  
Rep  
CH4_umolL  
CO2_umolL  
Flag_DateTime  
Flag_CH4_umolL  
Flag_CO2_umolL  
Definition:Three-letter code corresponding to sampled reservoir; FCR = Falling Creek Reservoir; BVR = Beaverdam ReservoirSampling site (see site_descriptions.csv for more information)Date and time of sampling. All data were collected in the eastern time zone of the U.S.A., with daylight savings time observedWater depth where the sample was collectedField replicates collected at the same site, date, and depthDissolved methane concentrationDissolved carbon dioxide concentrationFlag value for DateTime; 0 = Time recorded; 1 = Time not recorded and set to 12:00Flag value for methane concentration; 0 = the samples and replicates are good; 1 = Sample was either not collected or was not retained due to issues with the GC; 2 = Sample was below the method detection limit or negative value changed to 0; 3 = The difference between the reps are above the limit of quantification and >30% and <50% different from each other. Both replicates were retained but flagged; 4 = The difference between the reps are above the limit of quantification and >50% different from each other. Both replicates were retained but flagged; 6 = No peak detected and set to 0Flag value for carbon dioxide concentration; 0 = the samples and replicates are good; 1 = Sample was either not collected or was not retained due to issues with the GC; 2 = Sample was below the method detection limit or negaitve value changed to 0; 3 = The difference between the reps are above the limit of quantification and >30% and <50% different from each other. Both replicates were retained but flagged; 4 = The difference between the reps are above the limit of quantification and >50% different from each other. Both replicates were retained but flagged; 6 = No peak detected and set to 0
Storage Type:string  
float  
date  
float  
float  
float  
float  
float  
string  
string  
Measurement Type:nominalratiodateTimeratioratioratioratiorationominalnominal
Measurement Values Domain:
DefinitionThree-letter code corresponding to sampled reservoir; FCR = Falling Creek Reservoir; BVR = Beaverdam Reservoir
Unitdimensionless
Typereal
Min
Max200 
FormatYYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss
Precision
Unitmeter
Typereal
Min0.1 
Max11 
Unitdimensionless
Typenatural
Min
Max
UnitmicromolePerLiter
Typereal
Min
Max790.2280281 
UnitmicromolePerLiter
Typereal
Min
Max1474.56917442986 
Unitdimensionless
Typewhole
Min
Max
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code0
Definitionthe samples and replicates are good
Source
Code Definition
Code1
DefinitionSample was either not collected or was not retained due to issues with the GC
Source
Code Definition
Code2
DefinitionSample was below the method detection limit or negative value changed to 0
Source
Code Definition
Code3
DefinitionThe difference between the reps are above the limit of quantification and >30% and <50% different from each other. Both replicates were retained but flagged
Source
Code Definition
Code4
DefinitionThe difference between the reps are above the limit of quantification and >50% different from each other. Both replicates were retained but flagged
Source
Code Definition
Code6
DefinitionNo peak detected and set to 0
Source
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
Code0
Definitionthe samples and replicates are good
Source
Code Definition
Code1
DefinitionSample was either not collected or was not retained due to issues with the GC
Source
Code Definition
Code2
DefinitionSample was below the method detection limit or negaitve value changed to 0
Source
Code Definition
Code3
DefinitionThe difference between the reps are above the limit of quantification and >30% and <50% different from each other. Both replicates were retained but flagged
Source
Code Definition
Code4
DefinitionThe difference between the reps are above the limit of quantification and >50% different from each other. Both replicates were retained but flagged
Source
Code Definition
Code6
DefinitionNo peak detected and set to 0
Source
Missing Value Code:
CodeNA
Explvalue is missing
CodeNA
Explvalue is missing
CodeNA
Explvalue is missing
CodeNA
Explvalue is missing
CodeNA
Explvalue is missing
CodeNA
Explvalue is missing
CodeNA
Explvalue is missing
CodeNA
Explvalue is missing
CodeNA
Explvalue is missing
CodeNA
Explvalue is missing
Accuracy Report:                    
Accuracy Assessment:                    
Coverage:                    
Methods:                    

Data Table

Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/997/6/245886d5a324d63c7877574ba377263a
Name:Site Descriptions
Description:Descriptions of sites in this dataset with lat/long coordinates
Number of Records:22
Number of Columns:5

Table Structure
Object Name:site_descriptions.csv
Size:3366 bytes
Authentication:5cab71d851dcc944ab8b575f85d94db7 Calculated By MD5
Text Format:
Number of Header Lines:1
Record Delimiter:\r\n
Orientation:column
Simple Delimited:
Field Delimiter:,

Table Column Descriptions
 
Column Name:Reservoir  
Site  
Site_description  
Latitude  
Longitude  
Definition:Three-letter code corresponding to sampled reservoirSampling site within each reservoirDescription of sampling siteSite latitudeSite longitude
Storage Type:string  
float  
string  
float  
float  
Measurement Type:nominalrationominalratioratio
Measurement Values Domain:
Allowed Values and Definitions
Enumerated Domain 
Code Definition
CodeBVR
DefinitionBeaverdam Reservoir
Source
Code Definition
CodeFCR
DefinitionFalling Creek Reservoir
Source
Unitdimensionless
Typereal
Min
Max200 
DefinitionDescription of sampling site
Unitdegree
Typereal
Min37.30210565 
Max37.322851 
Unitdegree
Typereal
Min-79.8383 
Max-79.814467 
Missing Value Code:
CodeNA
Explvalue is missing
CodeNA
Explvalue is missing
 
CodeNA
Explvalue is missing
CodeNA
Explvalue is missing
Accuracy Report:          
Accuracy Assessment:          
Coverage:          
Methods:          

Non-Categorized Data Resource

Name:L1 generation script
Entity Type:unknown
Description:R script for GHG QA/QC to generate L1
Physical Structure Description:
Object Name:GHG_qaqc.R
Size:27663 bytes
Authentication:815f950576eec69a4350e626ea59e673 Calculated By MD5
Externally Defined Format:
Format Name:text/plain
Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/997/6/b8d5560f0687bf65d0b671c802780580

Non-Categorized Data Resource

Name:L1 generation functions
Entity Type:unknown
Description:functions used in the L1 generation script for QA/QC
Physical Structure Description:
Object Name:GHG_functions_for_L1.R
Size:5864 bytes
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Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/997/6/a1c2bdd2dda8b8780fe0006974e98f25

Non-Categorized Data Resource

Name:Visual inspection script
Entity Type:unknown
Description:script to generate plots and combine L1 and EDI products
Physical Structure Description:
Object Name:GHG_inspection_2015_2023.Rmd
Size:6955 bytes
Authentication:e473f29a841807a0e507a0d6b1a25c3a Calculated By MD5
Externally Defined Format:
Format Name:text/x-markdown
Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/997/6/f24517d7fdef50000db94c7b4484c805

Non-Categorized Data Resource

Name:Maintenance log
Entity Type:unknown
Description:Maintenance log used in L1 generation
Physical Structure Description:
Object Name:GHG_Maintenance_Log.csv
Size:471 bytes
Authentication:e87f1d1e630a67c6fc6a66faf6f8a847 Calculated By MD5
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Data:https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/edi/997/6/41a40c6054fba2b305d600a160d69e87

Data Package Usage Rights

This information is released under the Creative Commons license - Attribution - CC BY (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). The consumer of these data ("Data User" herein) is required to cite it appropriately in any publication that results from its use. The Data User should realize that these data may be actively used by others for ongoing research and that coordination may be necessary to prevent duplicate publication. The Data User is urged to contact the authors of these data if any questions about methodology or results occur. Where appropriate, the Data User is encouraged to consider collaboration or co-authorship with the authors. The Data User should realize that misinterpretation of data may occur if used out of context of the original study. While substantial efforts are made to ensure the accuracy of data and associated documentation, complete accuracy of data sets cannot be guaranteed. All data are made available "as is." The Data User should be aware, however, that data are updated periodically and it is the responsibility of the Data User to check for new versions of the data. The data authors and the repository where these data were obtained shall not be liable for damages resulting from any use or misinterpretation of the data. Thank you.

Keywords

By Thesaurus:
carey lab controlled vocabularygreenhouse gas, Virginia Tech, Stream Team, Western Virginia Water Authority, Falling Creek Reservoir, Beaverdam Reservoir, Carey Lab
cuahsi controlled vocabularyreservoir, lake
lter controlled vocabularydepth, methane, carbon dioxide, lakes

Methods and Protocols

These methods, instrumentation and/or protocols apply to all data in this dataset:

Methods and protocols used in the collection of this data package
Description:

SAMPLE COLLECTION AND EQUIPMENT

Samples for greenhouse gas (methane, carbon dioxide) analysis were collected from Falling Creek Reservoir and Beaverdam Reservoir between 2015 - 2023. Most sampling occurred between the hours of 9:00 and 15:00; however, some sampling occurred outside of these hours, including some overnight sampling. For more information about nighttime sampling, see Doubek et. al. 2018. Exact sampling times were included in the DateTime column starting in 2018. After 2018, exact times, when recorded during sample collection, are indicated in the DateTime column with a Flag_DateTime value of 0. If exact times were not recorded during sample collection, time was standardized to 12:00 and Flag_DateTime was set to 1. Prior to 2018, sample timestamps for samples collected between approximately 9:00 and 15:00 were standardized to noon and Flag_DateTime was set to 1.

Samples were collected from several routine depths at the deepest holes of both reservoirs (Site = 50 in both reservoirs) including: 0.1, 1.6, 3.8, 5.0, 6.2, 8.0, and 9.0 m in Falling Creek Reservoir and 0.1, 3.0, 6.0, 9.0, and 11.0 m for Beaverdam Reservoir. These sampling depths were chosen to approximately match outtake valves in Falling Creek Reservoir and Beaverdam Reservoir. Samples were collected with a 4-L Van Dorn sampler (Wildlife Supply, Yulee, FL, USA) and transferred to into two replicate 20 mL glass vials without exposure to air and crimp sealed. These routine depth samples were collected approximately fortnightly from March-April, weekly from May-October, and monthly in November-February.

Surface samples from Falling Creek Reservoir were also collected at a gauged weir on the primary inflow (Tunnel Branch) to Falling Creek Reservoir (Site = 100), at the wetland stream (Falling Creek) adjacent to the reservoir (Site = 200), and at the reservoir outflow at the dam (Site = 1.1). In Beaverdam Reservoir, additional surface samples were collected from the several sites at the outflow below the dam (Site = 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4) and at the Mid-Reservoir Outflow Pipe (Site = 40). These samples were collected approximately fortnightly from May-October and monthly in November-April.

In summer 2019, additional surface samples were collected approximately monthly along the stream and reservoir continuum for both Falling Creek Reservoir and Beaverdam Reservoir as part of the Reservoir Continuum project (Falling Creek Reservoir: Creek Sites = 99, 100, 101, 102, 200; Reservoir Sites = 20, 30, 45, 50; Reservoir Outflow = 1 and Beaverdam Reservoir: Creek Sites = 100, 200; Reservoir Sites = 20, 30, 45, 50; Mid-Reservoir Outflow Pipe = 40). Surface samples were collected via grab samples for all stream and up-stream reservoir locations. All samples were stored on ice and analyzed within 24 hours of collection following McClure et al. (2018).

All sites are described with geographic coordinates in the site_descriptions.csv data file.

SAMPLE ANALYSIS AND EQUIPMENT

Dissolved methane and carbon dioxide concentrations were measured in each water sample on a Gas Chromatograph (GC) with a Flame Ionization Detector (FID) and Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD) following McClure et al. (2018). Briefly, immediately prior to analysis, a 2-mL headspace was created with Helium (He) by displacing 2-mL of sample water. The headspace was equilibrated by shaking each 20-mL vial at 300 rpm for 15 minutes. The 2-mL headspace was then injected into the GC. The oven temperature was set to 35 degrees C with a carrier gas (He) flow rate of 15 mL/min. CH4 had a retention time of 1.3 min on the FID and CO2 had a retention time of 2.8 min on the TCD. Dissolved concentrations of CH4 and CO2 in water were calculated using the observed head-space concentrations and Henry's Law (McClure et al. 2018). From 2015-2018, samples were analyzed on a GC SRI, Model 8010. From 2019-onwards, samples were analyzed on a Shimadzu Nexis GC-2030.

DATA FLAGS

Replicate samples (Rep 1 and 2) were often collected for each Date, Site, and Depth. If a second rep was not collected, the data was flagged as '1' (sample was not collected). If the analyzed sample had a value below the minimum detection limit (MDL) the sample was flagged as '2' (sample below MDL). A running MDL was calculated for each GC separately (2015-2018, GC SRI, Model 8010; 2019-onwards, Shimadzu Nexis GC-2030) from routinely measured air concentrations throughout the year (2015-2021) or a reference gas tank (2022-2023) and calculated using a consistent temperature (2015-2018 20 deg C; 2019-2023 40 deg C) and pressure (30 psi). MDL for each year is presented; 2015 CH4 = 0.001 umol/L, CO2 = 2.13 umol/L; 2016 CH4 = 0.006 umol/L, CO2 = 4.45 umol/L; 2017 CH4 = 0.005 umol/L, CO2 = 12.70 umol/L; 2018 CH4 = 0.005 umol/L, CO2 = 21.84 umol/L; 2019 CH4 = 0.011 umol/L, CO2 = 5.08 umol/L; 2020 CH4 = 0.013 umol/L, CO2 = 6.17 umol/L; 2021 CH4 = 0.021 umol/L, CO2 = 5.74 umol/L; 2022 CH4 = 0.0107 umol/L, CO2 = 3.848 umol/L. Replicates of each sample were assessed after sample analysis using calculated percent difference between replicate samples as well as the limit of quantification (LOQ = 3*MDL). If the difference between replicate samples was < LOQ, then the samples were not flagged ('0', samples are good). If the difference between samples was >LOQ and the percent difference between replicate samples was <30%, then the samples were not flagged ('0', samples are good). If the difference between samples was >LOQ and the percent difference between replicates was >30% but <50%, then the samples were flagged as '3' (difference between reps is above LOQ and above 30% difference and below 50% difference). If the difference between samples was >LOQ and the percent difference between replicates was >50%, then the samples were flagged '4' (difference between reps is above the LOQ and above 50% different). For all flags, replicates were retained in the dataset.

DATA PACKAGE UPDATES

We note several updates to the current data package following multiple revisions of earlier versions of this dataset. First, we now set any negative greenhouse gas values (methane or carbon dioxide) to zero, following best practices. Any samples that had a negative value have been flagged '3'. In addition, we standardized the calculation of MDLs for both methane and carbon dioxide to include a running MDL for all air samples analyzed during each respective year. Importantly, all MDLs are now calculated using a standard temperature (2015-2018 = 20 deg C; 2019-2023 = 40 deg C) and pressure (30 PSI).

WHOLE-ECOSYSTEM EXPERIMENTS

Multiple whole-ecosystem experiments have been conducted at Falling Creek Reservoir, including intermittent operation of hypolimnetic oxygenation (HOx) and pulsed epilimnetic mixing (EM) engineering systems. We encourage you to contact the lead author of the data package for more information.

REFERENCES

Doubek J.P., Campbell K.L., Doubek K.M., Hamre K.D., Lofton M.E., McClure R.P., Ward N.K., Carey C.C. (2018). The effects of hypolimnetic anoxia on the diel vertical migration of freshwater crustacean zooplankton. Ecosphere, 9(7):02332. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2332

McClure R.P., Hamre K.D., Niederlehner B.R., Munger Z.W., Chen S., Lofton M.E., Schreiber M.E., Carey C.C. (2018). Metalimnetic oxygen minima alter the vertical profiles of carbon dioxide and methane in a managed freshwater reservoir. Science of the Total Environment, 636. pp. 610-620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.255

People and Organizations

Publishers:
Organization:Environmental Data Initiative
Email Address:
info@edirepository.org
Web Address:
https://edirepository.org
Id:https://ror.org/0330j0z60
Creators:
Individual: Cayelan C. Carey
Organization:Virginia Tech
Email Address:
Cayelan@vt.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8835-4476
Individual: Adrienne Breef-Pilz
Organization:Virginia Tech
Email Address:
abreefpilz@vt.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6759-0063
Individual: B. R. Niederlehner
Organization:Virginia Tech
Email Address:
bniederl@vt.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6933-336X
Individual: Abigail S.L. Lewis
Organization:Virginia Tech
Email Address:
aslewis@vt.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9933-4542
Individual: George Haynie
Organization:Virginia Tech
Individual: Michael Kricheldorf
Organization:Virginia Tech
Individual: Ryan Keverline
Organization:Virginia Tech
Individual: Evelyn Tipper
Organization:Virginia Tech
Contacts:
Individual: Cayelan C. Carey
Organization:Virginia Tech
Email Address:
Cayelan@vt.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8835-4476

Temporal, Geographic and Taxonomic Coverage

Temporal, Geographic and/or Taxonomic information that applies to all data in this dataset:

Time Period
Begin:
2015-03-31
End:
2023-12-31
Geographic Region:
Description:Beaverdam Reservoir is located in Vinton, Virginia, USA
Bounding Coordinates:
Northern:  37.322865Southern:  37.311961
Western:  -79.824834Eastern:  -79.813848
Geographic Region:
Description:Falling Creek Reservoir is located in Vinton, Virginia, USA
Bounding Coordinates:
Northern:  37.309589Southern:  37.30266
Western:  -79.839249Eastern:  -79.836009

Project

Parent Project Information:

Title:No project title to report
Personnel:
Individual: Cayelan C. Carey
Organization:Virginia Tech
Email Address:
Cayelan@vt.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8835-4476
Role:Principal Investigator
Funding: Western Virginia Water Authority
Related Project:
Title:Collaborative Research: Consequences of changing oxygen availability for carbon cycling in freshwater ecosystems
Personnel:
Individual: Cayelan C. Carey
Organization:Virginia Tech
Email Address:
Cayelan@vt.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8835-4476
Role:Principal Investigator
Funding: National Science Foundation 1753639
Related Project:
Title:Collaborative Research: CIBR: Cyberinfrastructure Enabling End-to-End Workflows for Aquatic Ecosystem Forecasting
Personnel:
Individual: Cayelan C. Carey
Organization:Virginia Tech
Email Address:
Cayelan@vt.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8835-4476
Role:Principal Investigator
Funding: National Science Foundation 1933016
Related Project:
Title:Collaborative Research: URoL:ASC: Applying rules of life to forecast emergent behavior of phytoplankton and advance water quality management National Science Foundation
Personnel:
Individual: Cayelan C. Carey
Organization:Virginia Tech
Email Address:
Cayelan@vt.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8835-4476
Role:Principal Investigator
Funding: 2318861
Related Project:
Title:LTREB: Integrating real-time open data pipelines and forecasting to quantify ecosystem predictability at day to decadal scales National Science Foundation
Personnel:
Individual: Cayelan C. Carey
Organization:Virginia Tech
Email Address:
Cayelan@vt.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8835-4476
Role:Principal Investigator
Funding: 2327030

Maintenance

Maintenance:
Description:ongoing
Frequency:

Additional Info

Additional Information:
 

Contributions to the 2023 revision:

CCC developed and led the reservoir monitoring program. ABP led the 2023 field crew, contributed substantially to fieldwork, and updated QA/QC workflows and initiated the new workflow. BRN performed sample analyses. ASL contributed to fieldwork, QAQC, and data collation. ET, GH, MK, and RK contributed to fieldwork, data digitization, and field monitoring preparations in 2023.

Acknowledgments and historical contributions:

This data package has been iteratively updated over time and builds on the many historical contributions of co-authors listed in previous revisions. We thank the Western Virginia Water Authority for providing access to these sites, the Reservoir Group for contributing to fieldwork.

Other Metadata

Additional Metadata

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Additional Metadata

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EDI is a collaboration between the University of New Mexico and the University of Wisconsin – Madison, Center for Limnology:

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