Data Package Metadata View Summary

Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Weekly Snow and Frost Measurements, 1955 - present

General Information

Data Package:

Local Identifier:

knb-lter-hbr.27.26

Title:

Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Weekly Snow and Frost Measurements, 1955 - present

Alternate Identifier:

DOI PLACE HOLDER

Abstract:

Snow and frost measurements have been collected approximately weekly during the winter season at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest using transects underneath the forest canopy adjacent to the established network of standard rain gages from 1956 to the present. Maximum snow depth, snow water content, frost occurrence, and frost depth data are recorded at points along a transect known as a snow course, which includes 10 points spaced at 2-m intervals within a designated 0.25 ha area. Data from one course are averaged for each collection date. These data were gathered at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in Woodstock, NH, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.

Publication Date:

2024-06-14

For more information:
Visit:	DOI PLACE HOLDER

Time Period

Begin:

1955-12-05

End:

2024-05-06

People and Organizations
Contact:	Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study [ email ]
Organization:	USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station
Associate:	Campbell, John (USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Associated Party)
Associate:	Bailey, Amey (USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Associated Party)
Associate:	Lany, Nina (USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Associated Party)

Data Entities
Data Table Name:	Snowcourse
Description:	Snowcourse data
Other Name:	snowcourse info
Description:	snowcourse information

Detailed Metadata

Data Entities

Data Table


Data:	https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/knb-lter-hbr/27/26/e9dc11e1518fb5820e614dc512a2517d
Name:	Snowcourse
Description:	Snowcourse data
Number of Records:	8634
Number of Columns:	7

Table Structure

Object Name:

HBEF_snowcourse_1956-2024.csv

Size:

331933 bytes

Authentication:

d43d6ef28dd5244229bb2666d4f00b18 Calculated By MD5

Text Format:

Number of Header Lines:

Record Delimiter:

\r\n

Orientation:

column

Simple Delimited:

Field Delimiter:

Table Column Descriptions

Column Name:

WINTER

Date

Site

snow_depth

swe

frost_depth

frost_pct

Definition:

The year in which most of the snow-covered period falls

Sample date

Snowcourse ID

depth of snow

snow water equivalent

average depth of frost where present

percent of 10 points on transect with frost

External Measurement Definition, Link:

has unit Millimeter

has unit Unitless

Storage Type:

date

string

float

Measurement Type:

dateTime

nominal

ratio

Measurement Values Domain:

Format	YYYY
Precision

Format	YYYY-MM-DD
Precision

Allowed Values and Definitions

Enumerated Domain

Code Definition

Code	STA1
Definition	Snow depth at gage 1
Source

Code Definition

Code	STA2
Definition	Snow depth at gage 2
Source

Code Definition

Code	STA3
Definition	Snow depth at gage 3
Source

Code Definition

Code	STA4
Definition	Snow depth at gage 4
Source

Code Definition

Code	STA5
Definition	Snow depth at gage 5
Source

Code Definition

Code	STA6
Definition	Snow depth at gage 6
Source

Code Definition

Code	STA7
Definition	Snow depth at gage 7
Source

Code Definition

Code	STA8
Definition	Snow depth at gage 8
Source

Code Definition

Code	STA9
Definition	Snow depth at gage 9
Source

Code Definition

Code	STA10
Definition	Snow depth at gage 10
Source

Code Definition

Code	STA11
Definition	Snow depth at gage 11
Source

Code Definition

Code	STA12
Definition	Snow depth at gage 12
Source

Code Definition

Code	STA13
Definition	Snow depth at gage 13
Source

Code Definition

Code	STA14
Definition	Snow depth at gage 14
Source

Code Definition

Code	STA15
Definition	Snow depth at gage 15
Source

Code Definition

Code	STA16
Definition	Snow depth at gage 16
Source

Code Definition

Code	STA17
Definition	Snow depth at gage 17
Source

Code Definition

Code	STA19
Definition	Snow depth at gage 19
Source

Code Definition

Code	STA20
Definition	Snow depth at gage 20
Source

Code Definition

Code	STA21
Definition	Snow depth at gage 21
Source

Code Definition

Code	STAHQ
Definition	Snow depth at Headquaters
Source

Unit	millimeter
Type	whole
Min	0
Max	1867

Unit	millimeter
Type	whole
Min	0
Max	549

Unit	millimeter
Type	whole
Min	0
Max	305

Unit	dimensionless
Type	whole
Min	0
Max	100

Missing Value Code:

Code	-99
Expl	Data missing or not taken

Code	-99
Expl	Data missing or not taken

Code	-99
Expl	Data missing or not taken

Code	-99
Expl	Data missing or not taken

Accuracy Report:

Accuracy Assessment:

Coverage:

Methods:

Non-Categorized Data Resource

Name:

snowcourse info

Entity Type:

unknown

Description:

snowcourse information

Physical Structure Description:

Object Name:

snowcourse_info.csv

Size:

1268 bytes

Authentication:

ad2c5ce7aef72e1bcb959358d1a8730a Calculated By MD5

Externally Defined Format:

Format Name:

text/csv

Data:

https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/knb-lter-hbr/27/26/75f356a7eb8652e487592dade2b210bd

Data Package Usage Rights

This information is released under the Creative Commons license - Attribution - CC BY (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). The consumer of these data ("Data User" herein) is required to cite it appropriately in any publication that results from its use. The Data User should realize that these data may be actively used by others for ongoing research and that coordination may be necessary to prevent duplicate publication. The Data User is urged to contact the authors of these data if any questions about methodology or results occur. Where appropriate, the Data User is encouraged to consider collaboration or co-authorship with the authors. The Data User should realize that misinterpretation of data may occur if used out of context of the original study. While substantial efforts are made to ensure the accuracy of data and associated documentation, complete accuracy of data sets cannot be guaranteed. All data are made available "as is." The Data User should be aware, however, that data are updated periodically and it is the responsibility of the Data User to check for new versions of the data. The data authors and the repository where these data were obtained shall not be liable for damages resulting from any use or misinterpretation of the data. Thank you.

Keywords

By Thesaurus:
LTER Controlled Vocabulary	ecosystems, forests, watersheds, snow, snow depth, frost, soil, snow water equivalence, winter
LTER Core Research Area	disturbance
HBES Vocabulary	HBR, Hubbard Brook LTER, Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study, HBES, HBEF, New Hampshire, NH, White Mountain National Forest, snow course, soil frost, frost depth
ISO 19115 Topic Category	biota, climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere
National Research & Development Taxonomy	Climate change, Climate change effects, Ecology, Ecosystems, & Environment

Methods and Protocols

These methods, instrumentation and/or protocols apply to all data in this dataset:

Methods and protocols used in the collection of this data package

Description:

LOCATION DESCRIPTION

Snow course data have been collected approximately weekly at a network of standard rain gages at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest from 1956 to the present when there was snow on the ground. Snow courses are located near each of the standard rain gage openings and are numbered according to the rain gage. Each snow course is a forested area of about 1/4 ha.

During the period from 1967 to 1984, the network was reduced to 2 snow courses on the north-facing slope (STA17 and STA19) and two snow courses on the south-facing slope (STA2 and STA9), along with a snow course at the headquarters location (STAHQ). Ongoing data collection occurs at these five snow courses.

Snow course locations are described in the data package entity snowcourse_info.csv. The latitude and longitude describe the location of the standard rain gage associated with each snow course.

SAMPLING DESIGN: SNOW DEPTH AND SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT

Each measurement consists of ten sample points 2 meters apart along a transect line. On the next date, a parallel line is used, 2 meters from the previous line. At each point, snow depth and water content are measured to the nearest inch using a Mt. Rose snow tube. The ten snow depth measurements are averaged, converted to millimeters, and then rounded to the nearest 1 mm.

SAMPLING DESIGN: SOIL FROST DEPTH AND FROST OCCURRENCE

The presence or absence of frost in the ground is checked at each of the ten sample points along each snow course transect by probing with a ski pole. The percentage of total probe locations having frost is recorded for each snow course. At the first two snow points that have frost, a hole is dug into the soil and the depth of the frost is measured and recorded to the nearest whole inch. The two depths are averaged to calculate frost depth, converted to millimeters, and then rounded to the nearest 1 mm. If no frost is found along a transect, the frost depth is recorded as zero.

Frost data from stations 2 and 17 have been collected from 1956 to the present. These stations have the longest continuous records and are representative of mid-elevation south-facing and high-elevation north-facing slopes. Frost data for stations 9, 19 and HQ begins in 1994. Prior to 1970 frost measurement was sporadic and the general impression was that there was none. Data for these years should be used with caution. The number of frost points sampled has also varied over the years.

RELEVANT PUBLICATIONS:

Bailey, Amey S, J. W Hornbeck, John L Campbell, and C. Eagar. 2003. Hydrometeorological Database for Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: 1955-2000. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station.

Campbell, J. L., S. V. Ollinger, G. N. Flerchinger, H. Wicklein, K. Hayhoe, and A. S. Bailey. 2010. Past and projected future changes in snowpack and soil frost at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, USA. Hydrological Processes 24:2465-2480.

CALCULATIONS

Snow water content on a watershed basis can be obtained from the snow course data by weighting using the following expressions:

Through 1966:

W1 = 0.10 SC1 + 0.46 SC2 + 0.44 SC3

W2 = 0.02 SC1 + 0.41 SC2 + 0.57 SC3 (prior to cutting)

W3 = 0.08 SC2 + 0.39 SC3 + 0.19 SC4 + 0.34 SC5

W4 = 0.03 SC1 + 0.08 SC2 + 0.01 SC3 + 0.30 SC6 + 0.30 SC7 + 0.28 SC8

W5 = 0.32 SC6 + 0.30 SC7 + 0.06 SC9 + 0.11 SC10 + 0.21 SC11

W6 = 0.31 SC9 + 0.49 SC10 + 0.20 SC11

1967 – 1978:

W1 = 0.516 SC2 + 0.472 SC3

W3 = 0.151 SC2 + 0.473 SC3 + 0.370 SC5 + 0.07

W4 = 0.315 SC2 + 0.386 SC6 + 0.275 SC10 - 0.09 (prior to cutting)

W5 = 0.111 SC5 + 0.565 SC6 + 0.333 SC10 (without SC11)

W5 = 0.446 SC6 + 0.313 SC10 + 0.209 SC11 + 0.03 (with sc11)

W6 = 0.330 SC6 + 0.656 SC10 + 0.02 (without sc11)

W6 = 0.250 SC6 + 0.511 SC10 + 0.258 SC11 - 0.01 (with sc11)

Through 1973:

W8 = 0.17 SC17 + 0.16 SC19 + 0.51 SC20 + 0.16 SC21

1974-1983:

W7 = 0.497 SC14 + 0.209 SC17 + 0.200 SC19 + 0.081 SC20 + 0.21

W8 = 0.042 SC14 + 0.263 SC17 + 0.166 SC19 + 0.527 SC20

Since the network was reduced to 2 snowcourses on each side (north-facing and south-facing), regression analysis for watershed values has not been performed.

Description:

This method step describes provenance-based metadata as specified in the LTER EML Best Practices.

This provenance metadata does not contain entity specific information.

Data Source

Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Snow Water Measurements, 1955 - present

Description:

This method step describes provenance-based metadata as specified in the LTER EML Best Practices.

This provenance metadata does not contain entity specific information.

Data Source

Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (USDA Forest Service): Soil Frost Measurements, 1955 - present

People and Organizations

Publishers:

Organization:

Environmental Data Initiative

Email Address:

info@edirepository.org

Web Address:

https://edirepository.org

Id:

https://ror.org/0330j0z60

Creators:

Organization:

USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station

Contacts:

Organization:

Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study

Email Address:

hbr-im@lternet.edu

Associated Parties:

Individual:

John Campbell

Organization:

USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station

Email Address:

john.campbell2@usda.gov

Id:

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4956-1696

Role:

Associated Party

Individual:

Amey Bailey

Organization:

USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station

Email Address:

amey.bailey@usda.gov

Id:

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3848-8550

Role:

Associated Party

Individual:

Nina Lany

Organization:

USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station

Email Address:

nina.lany@usda.gov

Id:

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0868-266X

Role:

Associated Party

Temporal, Geographic and Taxonomic Coverage

Temporal, Geographic and/or Taxonomic information that applies to all data in this dataset:

Time Period

Begin:

1955-12-05

End:

2024-05-06

Geographic Region:

Description:

Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest

Bounding Coordinates:

Northern:	43.959	Southern:	43.914
Western:	-71.8062	Eastern:	-71.7022

Sampling Site:

Description:

Snowcourse 2

Site Coordinates:

Longitude (degree):

-71.727371

Latitude (degree):

43.954929

Sampling Site:

Description:

Snowcourse 9

Site Coordinates:

Longitude (degree):

-71.743134

Latitude (degree):

43.956051

Sampling Site:

Description:

Snowcourse 17

Site Coordinates:

Longitude (degree):

-71.75869

Latitude (degree):

43.918678

Sampling Site:

Description:

Snowcourse 19

Site Coordinates:

Longitude (degree):

-71.759903

Latitude (degree):

43.929214

Sampling Site:

Description:

Headquarters snowcourse

Site Coordinates:

Longitude (degree):

-71.701859

Latitude (degree):

43.943943

Project

Parent Project Information:

Title:

Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest Long-Term Data Collection

Personnel:

Organization:	USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station
Role:	Principal Investigator

Funding:

USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station

Related Project:

Title:

Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (1988)

Personnel:

Individual:

Timothy J Fahey

Organization:

Cornell University

Email Address:

tjf5@cornell.edu

Id:

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1283-1162

Role:

Principal Investigator

Funding:

National Science Foundation (NSF) 8702331

Related Project:

Title:

Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (1992)

Personnel:

Individual:

Timothy J Fahey

Organization:

Cornell University

Email Address:

tjf5@cornell.edu

Id:

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1283-1162

Role:

Principal Investigator

Funding:

National Science Foundation (NSF) 9211768

Related Project:

Title:

Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (1998)

Personnel:

Individual:

Timothy J Fahey

Organization:

Cornell University

Email Address:

tjf5@cornell.edu

Id:

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1283-1162

Role:

Principal Investigator

Funding:

National Science Foundation (NSF) 9810221

Related Project:

Title:

Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (2005)

Personnel:

Individual:

Timothy J Fahey

Organization:

Cornell University

Email Address:

tjf5@cornell.edu

Id:

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1283-1162

Role:

Principal Investigator

Funding:

National Science Foundation (NSF) 0423259

Related Project:

Title:

Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (2010)

Personnel:

Individual:

Timothy J Fahey

Organization:

Cornell University

Email Address:

tjf5@cornell.edu

Id:

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1283-1162

Role:

Principal Investigator

Funding:

National Science Foundation (NSF) 1114804

Related Project:

Title:

Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (2016)

Personnel:

Individual:

Peter M Groffman

Organization:

Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies

Email Address:

groffmanp@caryinstitute.org

Id:

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8371-6255

Role:

Principal Investigator

Funding:

National Science Foundation (NSF) 1637685

Related Project:

Title:

Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (2022)

Personnel:

Individual:

Peter M Groffman

Organization:

Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies

Email Address:

groffmanp@caryinstitute.org

Id:

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8371-6255

Role:

Principal Investigator

Funding:

National Science Foundation (NSF) 2224545

Maintenance

Maintenance:

Description:	ongoing
Frequency:

Other Metadata

Additional Metadata

additionalMetadata
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        |     |___element 'emlEditor'
        |     |     |___text '\n            '
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Data Package Metadata View Summary

Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Weekly Snow and Frost Measurements, 1955 - present

Data Entities

Data Table

Non-Categorized Data Resource

Data Package Usage Rights

Keywords

Methods and Protocols

These methods, instrumentation and/or protocols apply to all data in this dataset:

People and Organizations

Temporal, Geographic and Taxonomic Coverage

Project

Parent Project Information:

Maintenance

Additional Metadata

Recently Added

Recently Updated

Data Package Metadata View Summary

Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Weekly Snow and Frost Measurements, 1955 - present

+/- Data Entities

Data Table

Non-Categorized Data Resource

+/- Data Package Usage Rights

+/- Keywords

+/- Methods and Protocols

These methods, instrumentation and/or protocols apply to all data in this dataset:

+/- People and Organizations

+/- Temporal, Geographic and Taxonomic Coverage

+/- Project

Parent Project Information:

+/- Maintenance

+/- Additional Metadata

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Keywords

Methods and Protocols

People and Organizations

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Project

Maintenance

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