Data Package Metadata View Summary

Estimates of productivity and multiple measures of biodiversity at Bartlett and Hubbard Brook Experimental Forests

General Information

Data Package:

Local Identifier:

knb-lter-hbr.369.3

Title:

Estimates of productivity and multiple measures of biodiversity at Bartlett and Hubbard Brook Experimental Forests

Alternate Identifier:

DOI PLACE HOLDER

Abstract:

In ecosystems dominated by grasses and other small-statured plants, biodiversity and productivity have generally been found to be positively correlated. However, studies in forested ecosystems have found mixed results. Biodiversity in forests has typically been characterized using indices of species diversity, but recent studies have shown that other measures of biodiversity can also play an important role. Several indices of biodiversity were calculated using local-scale inventory measurements and aircraft Light Detecting and Ranging data from Bartlett (BEF) and Hubbard Brook Experimental Forests (HBEF) in New Hampshire, USA to look at relationships between different measures of biodiversity (species, functional, phylogenetic, and structural diversity) and site productivity. For this dataset, a total of 22 biodiversity indices were calculated using the 2001-2003 BEF and 1995-1998 HBEF inventory datasets. These biodiversity indices include three species diversity indices, five functional diversity indices, five phylogenetic diversity indices, and 12 structural diversity indices. In addition, measurements of wood growth and foliar nitrogen for a select number of plots previously collected in another study (Smith et al 2005) were used to represent plot productivity. Site characteristics and land use such as topography, management history, and forest type were also included.

Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest and the Bartlett Experimental Forest are both operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.

Publication Date:

2023-10-31

For more information:
Visit:	DOI PLACE HOLDER

Time Period

Begin:

2018

End:

2021

People and Organizations
Contact:	Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study [ email ]
Creator:	Baillargeon, Kaitlyn (University of New Hampshire)
Creator:	Ollinger, Scott V (University of New Hampshire)

Data Entities
Data Table Name:	BEFandHBEF_Biodiversity_Productivity
Description:	Biodiversity and Productivity estimates for HBEF and BEF

Detailed Metadata

Data Entities

Data Table


Data:	https://pasta-s.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/knb-lter-hbr/369/3/ea1d93066c7494dc031a4510ff8dd1cb
Name:	BEFandHBEF_Biodiversity_Productivity
Description:	Biodiversity and Productivity estimates for HBEF and BEF
Number of Records:	856
Number of Columns:	38

Table Structure

Object Name:

BEFandHBEF_Biodiversity_Productivity.csv

Size:

173516 byte

Authentication:

27f6906ee726164481649d7e8fc7ece7 Calculated By MD5

Text Format:

Number of Header Lines:

Record Delimiter:

\r\n

Orientation:

column

Simple Delimited:

Field Delimiter:	,
Quote Character:	"

Table Column Descriptions

Plot

Site

Management

Total_Basal_Area

Pct_Broadleaf

Forest_Type

Foliar_N

Estimated_Wood_Growth

Measured_Pct_N

Wood_Growth

FRic

FEve

FDiv

FDis

RaoQ

PSV

PSC

PSR

PSE

DBHq

DBHsd

DBH_H

DBH_S

DBH_J

LiDAR_H

LiDAR_S

LiDAR_J

rumple

mean_height

min_height

max_height

Elevation

Aspect

Max _Slope

Column Name:

Plot

Site

Management

Total_Basal_Area

Pct_Broadleaf

Forest_Type

Foliar_N

Estimated_Wood_Growth

Measured_Pct_N

Wood_Growth

FRic

FEve

FDiv

FDis

RaoQ

PSV

PSC

PSR

PSE

DBHq

DBHsd

DBH_H

DBH_S

DBH_J

LiDAR_H

LiDAR_S

LiDAR_J

rumple

mean_height

min_height

max_height

Elevation

Aspect

Max _Slope

Definition:

Inventory plots for the sites.

Experimental research site.

Simple groupings to distinguish between plots that have been manipulated by human activity or have been left untouched. Classifications were derived from the original management history information provided with the metadata for the 2001-2003 BEF inventory data (CompartmentAcreage_TreatmentList document).

Sum of the basal area for all trees with a diameter of 10 cm or larger contained within an inventory plot.

Percent of tree species on a plot that were deciduous.

Simple groupings of species composition based on the inventory data.

Estimated plot level percent foliar nitrogen based on species nitrogen values obtained from the Northeastern Ecosystem Research Cooperative database.

Estimated wood growth calculated from the relationship between measured foliar nitrogen and measured wood growth from a select number of plots.

Measured percent foliar nitrogen on a subset of plots. Data derived from Smith et al 2005.

Measured wood growth on a subset of plots. Data derived from Smith et al 2005.

Species Diversity: Shannon's diversity index

Species Diversity: Species richness

Species Diversity: Species evenness index

Functional Diversity: Functional richness index (Villeger, Mason, and Mouillot 2008)

Functional Diversity: Functional evenness index (Villeger, Mason, and Mouillot 2008)

Functional Diversity: Functional divergence index (Villeger, Mason, and Mouillot 2008)

Functional Diversity: Functional dispersion index (Laliberte and Legendre 2010)

Functional Diversity: Roa's quadratic entropy index (Botta-Dukat 2005)

Phylogenetic Diversity: Faith's phylogenetic diversity index (Faith 1992)

Phylogenetic Diversity: Phylogenetic species variability (Helmus et al 2007)

Phylogenetic Diversity: Phylogenetic species clustering (Helmus et al. 2007; Emerson and Gillespie 2008)

Phylogenetic Diversity: Phylogenetic species richness (Helmus et al 2007)

Phylogenetic Diversity: Phylogenetic species evenness (Helmus et al 2007)

Structural Diversity: Quadratic mean of tree diameter at breast height of all trees within a plot.

Structural Diversity: Standard deviation of tree diameter at breast height of all trees within a plot.

Structural Diversity: Shannon's index of tree diameter at breast height (DBH) where DBH measurements were grouped into 3 cm bins.

Structural Diversity: Richness of tree diameter at breast height (DBH) where DBH measurements were grouped into 3 cm bins.

Structural Diversity: Evenness of tree diameter at breast height (DBH) where DBH measurements were grouped into 3 cm bins.

Structural Diversity: Shannon's index of the 2017 National Ecological Observatory Network LiDAR point cloud returns grouped into 3 m bin height classes.

Structural Diversity: Richness of the 2017 National Ecological Observatory Network LiDAR point cloud returns grouped into 3 m bin height classes.

Structural Diversity: Evenness of the 2017 National Ecological Observatory Network LiDAR point cloud returns grouped into 3 m bin height classes.

Structural Diversity: Canopy surface roughness index (Parker and Russ 2004; Kane et al. 2010) derived from the 2017 National Ecological Observatory Network canopy height model for BEF

Mean height of the tree canopy derived from the 2017 National Ecological Observatory Network canopy height model for BEF

Minimum height of the tree canopy derived from the 2017 National Ecological Observatory Network canopy height model for BEF

Maximum height of the tree canopy derived from the 2017 National Ecological Observatory Network canopy height model for BEF

Elevation of the landscape derived from a 5 m digital elevation model (Fraser 2019)

Aspect of the landscape derived from a 5 m digital elevation model (Fraser 2019)

Maximum slope of the landscape derived from a 5 m digital elevation model (Fraser 2019)

Storage Type:

string

float

string

float

Measurement Type:

nominal

ratio

nominal

ratio

Measurement Values Domain:

Definition

text

Allowed Values and Definitions

Enumerated Domain

Code Definition

Code	BEF
Definition	Bartlett Experiemental Forest
Source

Code Definition

Code	HBEF
Definition	Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest
Source

Allowed Values and Definitions

Enumerated Domain

Code Definition

Code	Managed
Definition	Bartlett plots that have been manipulated in some way by human activity since 1950's to present day
Source

Code Definition

Code	Unmanaged
Definition	Bartlett plots that have not been manipulated by human activity
Source

Unit	meterSquared
Type	real

Unit	percent
Type	real

Allowed Values and Definitions

Enumerated Domain

Code Definition

Code	Broadleaf
Definition	80% or more of the plot is occupied by deciduous tree species
Source

Code Definition

Code	Evergreen
Definition	80% or more of the plot is occupied by conifer tree species
Source

Code Definition

Code	Mixed
Definition	Plot contains a mix of deciduous and conifer tree species
Source

Unit	percent
Type	real

Unit	gramPerMeterSquaredPerYear
Type	integer

Unit	percent
Type	real

Unit	gramPerMeterSquaredPerYear
Type	integer

Unit	dimensionless
Type	real

Unit	dimensionless
Type	integer

Unit	dimensionless
Type	real

Unit	dimensionless
Type	real

Unit	dimensionless
Type	real

Unit	dimensionless
Type	real

Unit	dimensionless
Type	real

Unit	dimensionless
Type	real

Unit	dimensionless
Type	integer

Unit	dimensionless
Type	real

Unit	dimensionless
Type	real

Unit	dimensionless
Type	real

Unit	dimensionless
Type	real

Unit	dimensionless
Type	real

Unit	dimensionless
Type	real

Unit	dimensionless
Type	real

Unit	dimensionless
Type	integer

Unit	dimensionless
Type	real

Unit	dimensionless
Type	real

Unit	dimensionless
Type	integer

Unit	dimensionless
Type	real

Unit	dimensionless
Type	real

Unit	meter
Type	real

Unit	meter
Type	real

Unit	meter
Type	real

Unit	meter
Type	integer

Unit	degree
Type	real

Unit	percent
Type	real

Missing Value Code:

Code	-9999
Expl	HBEF 1995-1998 inventory did not provide management history information for the Valley plots

Code	-9999
Expl	Measurements not collected at these plots

Code	-9999
Expl	Measurements not collected at these plots

Code	-9999
Expl	Plots missing from shapefile used for extraction; Leaf-on LiDAR data was not available for HBEF at time of calculations

Code	-9999
Expl	Plots missing from shapefile used for extraction; Leaf-on LiDAR data was not available for HBEF at time of calculations

Code	-9999
Expl	Plots missing from shapefile used for extraction; Leaf-on LiDAR data was not available for HBEF at time of calculations

Code	-9999
Expl	Plots missing from shapefile used for extraction; Leaf-on LiDAR data was not available for HBEF at time of calculations

Code	-9999
Expl	Plots missing from shapefile used for extraction; Leaf-on LiDAR data was not available for HBEF at time of calculations

Code	-9999
Expl	Plots missing from shapefile used for extraction; Leaf-on LiDAR data was not available for HBEF at time of calculations

Code	-9999
Expl	Plots missing from shapefile used for extraction; Leaf-on LiDAR data was not available for HBEF at time of calculations

Code	-9999
Expl	HBEF plots missing from shapefile used for data extraction

Code	-9999
Expl	HBEF plots missing from shapefile used for data extraction

Code	-9999
Expl	HBEF plots missing from shapefile used for data extraction

Accuracy Report:

Accuracy Assessment:

Coverage:

Methods:

Data Package Usage Rights

This information is released under the Creative Commons license - Attribution - CC BY (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). The consumer of these data ("Data User" herein) is required to cite it appropriately in any publication that results from its use. The Data User should realize that these data may be actively used by others for ongoing research and that coordination may be necessary to prevent duplicate publication. The Data User is urged to contact the authors of these data if any questions about methodology or results occur. Where appropriate, the Data User is encouraged to consider collaboration or co-authorship with the authors. The Data User should realize that misinterpretation of data may occur if used out of context of the original study. While substantial efforts are made to ensure the accuracy of data and associated documentation, complete accuracy of data sets cannot be guaranteed. All data are made available "as is." The Data User should be aware, however, that data are updated periodically and it is the responsibility of the Data User to check for new versions of the data. The data authors and the repository where these data were obtained shall not be liable for damages resulting from any use or misinterpretation of the data. Thank you.

Keywords

By Thesaurus:
LTER Controlled Vocabulary	abundance, basal area, biodiversity, canopies, disturbance, disturbance patterns, ecosystems, foliar nitrogen, forest ecology, forest ecosystems, forests, human disturbance, LiDAR, nitrogen content, plant functional types, plant species, plants, populations, primary production, primary productivity, species, species diversity, species, stems, taxonomy, terrestrial ecosystems, trees, wood
HBES Thesaurus	biota, canopy height, evenness, forest management, functional diversity, phylogentic diversity, structural diversity, taxonomic diversity, temperate forests, wood growth, Bartlett Experimental Forest, Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, EPSCoR INSPIRES, NSF Macrosystems (MSB), White Mountain National Forest
(No thesaurus)	UNH-TEAL

Methods and Protocols

These methods, instrumentation and/or protocols apply to all data in this dataset:

Methods and protocols used in the collection of this data package

Description:

Biodiversity

Measures of species, functional, phylogenetic, and structural diversity were each represented by three to five diversity indices commonly found in the literature. The indices selected represented either the richness, evenness, or the variation of each diversity measure. Every index was calculated using relative basal area (BA) of the species within a plot from either the 2001-2003 Bartlett Experimental Forest (BEF) cruise plot inventory (Leak et al. 2017) or the 1995-1998 Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) valley plot inventory (Battles and Fahey 2019). Indices were calculated using packages from R version 3.6.0 (R Core Team 2019).

Species Diversity

Species diversity was represented using three indices: the Shannon’s entropy index (H’; Shannon 1948), species richness (S; McIntosh 1967), and species evenness (J; Pielou 1966). H’ was calculated using the fractional basal area of each species. S was determined by counting the number of unique species found on a plot and J was calculated using Pielou’s evenness index.

Functional Diversity

Functional diversity was represented by five indices: functional richness (FRic), evenness (FEve), divergence (FDiv; Villéger, Mason, and Mouillot 2008), dispersion (FDis; Laliberté and Legendre 2010), and Rao’s Quadratic Entropy (RaoQ; Botta‐Dukát 2005). Indices were calculated using the R package FD (v. 1.0.12; Lalibert, Legendre, and Shipley 2014).

Seven species-specific functional traits that link plant functioning to the availability of light, water, and nutrients were selected to calculate the functional diversity indices. Six of these traits: mycorrhizal fungi type, leaf type, xylem type, waterlogging tolerance, drought tolerance, and shade tolerance, were obtained from the TRY plant database (Kattge et al. 2020). Values for the seventh trait, mean, mass-based foliar nitrogen (N), were obtained from the Northeastern Ecosystem Research Cooperative (NERC) database (Northeastern Ecosystem Research Cooperative (NERC) 2010).

Phylogenetic Diversity

Five indices were selected to represent phylogenetic diversity: Faith’s phylogenetic diversity index (PD; Faith 1992), phylogenetic species variability (PSV), phylogenetic species richness (PSR), phylogenetic species evenness (PSE), and phylogenetic species clustering (PSC; Helmus et al. 2007). To calculate these indices, a dendrogram was created based on the species’ taxonomic rankings, and branch lengths were given a value of one unit per segment. These indices were calculated using the R package picanate (v.1.8; Kembel et al. 2019).

Structural Diversity

Several indices were used to characterize structural diversity. For both sites, structural diversity was represented by the variation in DBH based on measurements from the inventory data. Indices used include the quadradic mean of DBH (DBHq), standard deviation of DBH (DBHsd), the Shannon’s entropy index (DBH_H’), richness (DBH_S), and evenness (DBH_J). The DBHq represents the average stand diameter per plot (Curtis and Marshall 2000; Storch, Dormann, and Bauhus 2018) while the DBHsd represented the variation in diameter (Storch, Dormann, and Bauhus 2018). For DBH_H’, the number of species was replaced with the number of DBH classes grouped into 3 cm bins while proportions were based on the basal area per DBH class. Richness was based on the number of DBH classes and evenness of the DBH classes was calculated using Pielou’s evenness (Park et al. 2019).

For BEF, additional indices of structural diversity were calculated from measurements of height and canopy surface roughness using discrete return Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data collected in the summer of 2017 by the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON). LiDAR points were returned at a density of 1-4 points/m2 and processed to create a 1 m resolution canopy height model (CHM). Indices derived from the LiDAR data include standard deviation of height (ht_sd), canopy surface roughness (rumple; Parker and Russ 2004; Kane et al. 2010), the Shannon’s Entropy Index (ht_H’), richness (ht_S), and evenness (ht_J). LiDAR-based structural diversity indices were not calculated for HBEF, as comparable leaf-on LiDAR data collected around the same time frame as the BEF LiDAR was not available. Similar to DBH_H’, ht_H’ was calculated using 3 m bin height classes from the LiDAR points. Lastly, rumple was calculated from the CHM using the R package lidR (Roussel et al. 2019) and represents the ratio between the canopy surface area to the ground surface area (Kane et al. 2010).

Productivity

Forest productivity was calculated using sequential measurements of tree diameter on a subset of 38 plots at BEF and 18 plots at HBEF. The subset of plots was chosen for productivity because they were measured at a high temporal frequency and included (1) individually tagged trees (which allowed determination of individual tree growth and mortality) and (2) additional plant trait data, such as mass-based foliar nitrogen (N). Foliar N measurements were conducted using methods described in Ollinger et al., (2008). Subset plots were previously chosen and measured by Smith et al., (2002) to collect repeat wood growth measurements. DBH measurements for every species, living and dead, were converted to wood biomass using species specific allometric equations (Jenkins 2004). Woody biomass was scaled up to the plot level by summing the biomass of all species on a plot and dividing by plot area, making sure to carry over trees that died between remeasurement periods. Finally, wood growth was calculated by subtracting the previous year’s measurements from the most recent measurements and dividing by the number of years between measurement periods.

Site Characteristics

In addition to the biodiversity indices and productivity estimates, some site characteristics were also generated for the sites. From a digital elevation model (DEM) and data products developed by Fraser, McGuire, and Bailey (2019), measures of elevation, aspect, and maximum slope were extracted for each of the plots. Forest type was determined by using species composition information from inventory data, where species type was used to determine the percentage of broadleaf species on a plot. Plots dominated by broadleaf species (≥ 80% broadleaf coverage) were classified as broadleaf while plots dominated by conifer species (≤ 20% broadleaf coverage) were classified as evergreen. Plots classified as mixed forest contained a combination of conifer and broadleaf species (20% < x > 80% broadleaf coverage).

For BEF only, management history for the plots was categorized into two classes: managed and unmanaged. These classifications were based on the compartment acreage treatment list provided in the metadata of the inventory data. Plots classified as unmanaged were in compartments that have not been manipulated by any human activity, while managed plots were any plots that have been exposed to at least one treatment (i.e., shelterwood, clear cut, or patch cut).

People and Organizations

Publishers:

Organization:

Environmental Data Initiative

Email Address:

info@edirepository.org

Web Address:

https://edirepository.org

Id:

https://ror.org/0330j0z60

Creators:

Individual:

Kaitlyn Baillargeon

Organization:

University of New Hampshire

Address:

ESRC Morse Hall,

8 College Road,

Durham, NH 03824 USA

Email Address:

kaitlyn.baillargeon@unh.edu

Id:

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4812-7599

Id:

https://ror.org/01rmh9n78

Individual:

Scott V Ollinger

Organization:

University of New Hampshire

Address:

ESRC Morse Hall,

8 College Road,

Durham, NH 03824 US

Email Address:

scott.ollinger@unh.edu

Id:

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6226-1431

Id:

https://ror.org/01rmh9n78

Contacts:

Organization:

Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study

Email Address:

hbr-im@lternet.edu

Temporal, Geographic and Taxonomic Coverage

Temporal, Geographic and/or Taxonomic information that applies to all data in this dataset:

Time Period

Begin:

2018

End:

2021

Geographic Region:

Description:

Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest

Bounding Coordinates:

Northern:	43.959	Southern:	43.914
Western:	-71.8062	Eastern:	-71.7022

Geographic Region:

Description:

Bartlett Experimental Forest

Bounding Coordinates:

Northern:	44.0758	Southern:	44.0357
Western:	-71.3202	Eastern:	-71.2731

Project

Parent Project Information:

Title:

The influence of biological diversity on land-atmosphere exchange in forests

Personnel:

Individual:

Scott V Ollinger

Organization:

University of New Hampshire

Address:

ESRC Morse Hall,

8 College Road,

Durham, NH 03824 US

Email Address:

scott.ollinger@unh.edu

Id:

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6226-1431

Id:

https://ror.org/01rmh9n78

Additional Award Information:

Funder:

National Science Foundation

Funder ID:

https://ror.org/021nxhr62

Number:

1638688

Title:

MSB-FRA: The influence of biological diversity on land-atmosphere exchange in forests: confronting theory with data

URL:

https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1638688

Additional Award Information:

Funder:

National Science Foundation

Funder ID:

https://ror.org/021nxhr62

Number:

1637685

Title:

LTER: Long Term Ecological Research at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (2016)

URL:

https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1637685

Additional Award Information:

Funder:

National Science Foundation

Funder ID:

https://ror.org/021nxhr62

Number:

1920908

Title:

RII Track-2 FEC: Leveraging intelligent informatics and smart data for improved understanding of northern forest ecosystem resiliency (INSPIRES)

URL:

https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1920908

Additional Award Information:

Funder:

NASA

Funder ID:

https://ror.org/027ka1x80

Number:

80NSSC20K1730

Title:

The Influence of canopy structure and foliar chemistry on remote sensing observations: radiative transfer modeling to understand interactions of light within the canopy and inform innovative uses of remote sensing data

Additional Award Information:

Funder:

NASA

Funder ID:

https://ror.org/027ka1x80

Number:

NNX15AH79H

Title:

New Hampshire Space Grant Consortium

Other Metadata

Additional Metadata

additionalMetadata
        |___text '\n    '
        |___element 'metadata'
        |     |___text '\n      '
        |     |___element 'emlEditor'
        |     |        \___attribute 'app' = 'ezEML'
        |     |        \___attribute 'release' = '2023.10.25'
        |     |___text '\n    '
        |___text '\n  '

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EDI is a collaboration between the University of New Mexico and the University of Wisconsin – Madison, Center for Limnology:

Data Package Metadata View Summary

Estimates of productivity and multiple measures of biodiversity at Bartlett and Hubbard Brook Experimental Forests

Data Entities

Data Table

Data Package Usage Rights

Keywords

Methods and Protocols

These methods, instrumentation and/or protocols apply to all data in this dataset:

People and Organizations

Temporal, Geographic and Taxonomic Coverage

Project

Parent Project Information:

Additional Metadata

Recently Added

Recently Updated

Data Package Metadata View Summary

Estimates of productivity and multiple measures of biodiversity at Bartlett and Hubbard Brook Experimental Forests

+/- Data Entities

Data Table

+/- Data Package Usage Rights

+/- Keywords

+/- Methods and Protocols

These methods, instrumentation and/or protocols apply to all data in this dataset:

+/- People and Organizations

+/- Temporal, Geographic and Taxonomic Coverage

+/- Project

Parent Project Information:

+/- Additional Metadata

Data Entities

Data Package Usage Rights

Keywords

Methods and Protocols

People and Organizations

Temporal, Geographic and Taxonomic Coverage

Project

Additional Metadata