Data Package Metadata   View Summary

Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Instantaneous Streamflow by Watershed, 1956 – present

General Information
Data Package:
Local Identifier:knb-lter-hbr.1.17
Title:Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Instantaneous Streamflow by Watershed, 1956 – present
Alternate Identifier:DOI PLACE HOLDER
Abstract:

Streamflow at 9 watersheds (12-77 Hectares) within the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire, USA has been measured continuously from as early as 1955. Streams are gaged with V-notch weirs, in some cases in combination with rectangular San Dimas flumes, at the outlet of each watershed. Through 2012, stage heights were recorded by means of a mechanical spring-wound clock and pen on a strip-chart recorder. Beginning January 1, 2013, these analog chart recorders were replaced with digital sensors. Overlap with both measurement techniques occurred for several years at all weirs. Streamflow data were gathered by the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest and contributed to the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.

Publication Date:2024-03-13
For more information:
Visit: DOI PLACE HOLDER

Time Period
Begin:
1956-01-01
End:
2023-12-31

People and Organizations
Contact:Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study [  email ]
Organization:USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station
Associate:Campbell, John (USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Associated party)
Associate:Bailey, Amey (USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Associated party)
Associate:Lany, Nina (USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Associated party)
Associate:Green, Mark (USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Associated party)
Associate:Bailey, Scott (Virginia tech, Associated party)

Data Entities
Data Table Name:
w1_stmflow_1956-2012
Description:
w1 streamflow 1956-2012
Data Table Name:
w2_stmflow_1957-2012
Description:
w2 streamflow 1957-2012
Data Table Name:
w3_stmflow_1957-2012
Description:
w3 streamflow 1957-2012
Data Table Name:
w4_stmflow_1960-2012
Description:
w4 streamflow 1960-2012
Data Table Name:
w5_stmflow_1962-2012
Description:
w5 streamflow 1962-2012
Data Table Name:
w6_stmflow_1963-2012
Description:
w6 streamflow 1963-2012
Data Table Name:
w7_stmflow_1965-2012
Description:
w7 streamflow 1965-2012
Data Table Name:
w8_stmflow_1968-2012
Description:
w8 streamflow 1968-2012
Data Table Name:
w9_stmflow_1995-2012
Description:
w9 streamflow 1995-2012
Data Table Name:
w1_stmflow_2013-2022_5min
Description:
w1 streamflow 2013-2022 5 minute
Data Table Name:
w2_stmflow_2013-2022_5min
Description:
w2 streamflow 2013-2022 5 minute
Data Table Name:
w3_stmflow_2013-2022_5min
Description:
w3 streamflow 2013-2022 5 minute
Data Table Name:
w4_stmflow_2013-2022_5min
Description:
w4 streamflow 2013-2022 5 minute
Data Table Name:
w5_stmflow_2013-2022_5min
Description:
w5 streamflow 2013-2022 5 minute
Data Table Name:
w6_stmflow_2013-2022_5min
Description:
w6 streamflow 2013-2022 5 minute
Data Table Name:
w7_stmflow_2013-2022_5min
Description:
w7 streamflow 2013-2022 5 minute
Data Table Name:
w8_stmflow_2013-2022_5min
Description:
w8 streamflow 2013-2022 5 minute
Data Table Name:
w9_stmflow_2013-2022_5min
Description:
w9 streamflow 2013-2022 5 minute
Data Table Name:
w1_stmflow_2022-2023_5min
Description:
w1 streamflow 2022-2023 5 minute
Data Table Name:
w2_stmflow_2022-2023_5min
Description:
w2 streamflow 2022-2023 5 minute
Data Table Name:
w3_stmflow_2022-2023_5min
Description:
w3 streamflow 2022-2023 5 minute
Data Table Name:
w4_stmflow_2022-2023_5min
Description:
w4 streamflow 2022-2023 5 minute
Data Table Name:
w5_stmflow_2022-2023_5min
Description:
w5 streamflow 2022-2023 5 minute
Data Table Name:
w6_stmflow_2022-2023_5min
Description:
w6 streamflow 2022-2023 5 minute
Data Table Name:
w7_stmflow_2022-2023_5min
Description:
w7 streamflow 2022-2023 5 minute
Data Table Name:
w8_stmflow_2022-2023_5min
Description:
w8 streamflow 2022-2023 5 minute
Data Table Name:
w9_stmflow_2022-2023_5min
Description:
w9 streamflow 2022-2023 5 minute
Other Name:
Streamflow_Constants
Description:
Streamflow constants file
Detailed Metadata

Data Entities


Data Table

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Table Column Descriptions
 
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Discharge_cfs  
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date  
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Discharge_cfs  
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Storage Type:string  
date  
float  
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DATETIME  
Gage_ft  
Discharge_cfs  
Discharge_ls  
Definition:WatershedTimestamp of data collectionStage heightDischarge cubic feet per secondDischarge liters per second
Storage Type:string  
date  
float  
float  
float  
Measurement Type:nominaldateTimeratioratioratio
Measurement Values Domain:
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FormatYYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss
Precision
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Min
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UnitcubicFeetPerSecond
Typereal
Min
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UnitlitersPerSecond
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Min
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Missing Value Code:          
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Coverage:          
Methods:          

Data Table

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Description:w5 streamflow 1962-2012
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Number of Columns:5

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DATETIME  
Gage_ft  
Discharge_cfs  
Discharge_ls  
Definition:WatershedTimestamp of data collectionStage heightDischarge cubic feet per secondDischarge liters per second
Storage Type:string  
date  
float  
float  
float  
Measurement Type:nominaldateTimeratioratioratio
Measurement Values Domain:
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Min
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UnitcubicFeetPerSecond
Typereal
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UnitlitersPerSecond
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Missing Value Code:          
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Accuracy Assessment:          
Coverage:          
Methods:          

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Description:w6 streamflow 1963-2012
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Number of Columns:5

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DATETIME  
Gage_ft  
Discharge_cfs  
Discharge_ls  
Definition:WatershedTimestamp of data collectionStage heightDischarge cubic feet per secondDischarge liters per second
Storage Type:string  
date  
float  
float  
float  
Measurement Type:nominaldateTimeratioratioratio
Measurement Values Domain:
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FormatYYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss
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Typereal
Min
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UnitcubicFeetPerSecond
Typereal
Min
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UnitlitersPerSecond
Typereal
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Missing Value Code:          
Accuracy Report:          
Accuracy Assessment:          
Coverage:          
Methods:          

Data Table

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Description:w7 streamflow 1965-2012
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Number of Columns:5

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Table Column Descriptions
 
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DATETIME  
Gage_ft  
Discharge_cfs  
Discharge_ls  
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Storage Type:string  
date  
float  
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Measurement Type:nominaldateTimeratioratioratio
Measurement Values Domain:
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FormatYYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss
Precision
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Min
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UnitcubicFeetPerSecond
Typereal
Min
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UnitlitersPerSecond
Typereal
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Methods:          

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Discharge_cfs  
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Storage Type:string  
date  
float  
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UnitcubicFeetPerSecond
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UnitlitersPerSecond
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Missing Value Code:          
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Methods:          

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Data Package Usage Rights

This information is released under the Creative Commons license - Attribution - CC BY (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). The consumer of these data ("Data User" herein) is required to cite it appropriately in any publication that results from its use. The Data User should realize that these data may be actively used by others for ongoing research and that coordination may be necessary to prevent duplicate publication. The Data User is urged to contact the authors of these data if any questions about methodology or results occur. Where appropriate, the Data User is encouraged to consider collaboration or co-authorship with the authors. The Data User should realize that misinterpretation of data may occur if used out of context of the original study. While substantial efforts are made to ensure the accuracy of data and associated documentation, complete accuracy of data sets cannot be guaranteed. All data are made available "as is." The Data User should be aware, however, that data are updated periodically and it is the responsibility of the Data User to check for new versions of the data. The data authors and the repository where these data were obtained shall not be liable for damages resulting from any use or misinterpretation of the data. Thank you.

Keywords

By Thesaurus:
LTER Controlled Vocabularyecosystems, forests, watersheds, stream discharge, hydrology, stream flow, streams, water
LTER Core Research Areadisturbance
HBES VocabularyHBR, Hubbard Brook LTER, Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study, HBES, HBEF, New Hampshire, NH, White Mountain National Forest, gage, gauge, weir
ISO 19115 Topic Categorybiota, climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere
National Research & Development TaxonomyClimate change, Climate change effects, Ecology, Ecosystems, & Environment

Methods and Protocols

These methods, instrumentation and/or protocols apply to all data in this dataset:

Methods and protocols used in the collection of this data package
Description:

Streamflow has been measured continuously at stream gaging stations at the outlets of nine watersheds (W1-9). The height of water passing over a 90 or 120 degree sharp-crested V-notch weir is measured with a float and pulley placed in a stilling well. Stage heights are converted to volumetric discharge using standard, published equations (Hertzler, 1938, King,1954). At weirs 1-4 and 9, when stage heights are above the V notch, high flow calculations are made based on the geometry of the upper rectangular section of the weir outlet. High flows at stations 5-8 are measured by rectangular San Dimas Flumes, oriented upstream and in series with the V-notch weirs. Flume rating curve tables, specific to widths of 2, 3 and 4 feet, were provided by the San Dimas Experimental Forest in Glendora, California where the namesake flume was developed. At weirs 1-8, low flow (stage heights < [0.15 – 0.5 ft]) values are produced with lookup tables developed from weir specific empirical calibrations. During winter, plywood hoods are placed over the V-notches and propane gas heaters keep the V-notches, flumes, and stilling wells ice-free. Over the complete record of streamflow, several technological changes have been made.

1955-2012: Stage heights at the stream gages were recorded continuously with Stevens A-35 mechanical recorders at the weirs, and Belfort FW-1 mechanical recorders at the flumes. The paper strip charts were changed every 2 weeks. Gaps in the record (e.g., due to problems such as debris and ice in the V-notch, stopped clock, poor ink trace, and erroneous resets of stage height) were filled by tracing the ink line from a chart of a similar nearby weir. The analog charts were digitized at Hubbard Brook using a Summagraphics digitizer. For each day, 2 to 130 points on the chart were digitized, depending on the rate of change of flow. During high flow periods digitized points were taken with no more than a 0.150 ft change on the strip chart.

2013-present: On January 1, 2013, we transitioned to digital streamflow sensors that record stage every 5 minutes (288 points per day). The first digital sensors to measure weir stage, Campbell Scientific CS410 Shaft Encoders (resolution 0.01 ft), were installed in 2010 and operated in parallel with the charts for several years. In 2016, Amass PSE optical shaft encoders (resolution 0.003 ft) were installed and the current version of the published data transitions from CS410 to Amass encoder data on 2017-10-04. Streamflow measurements at the flumes transitioned from mechanical chart recorders to digital shaft encoders about 2013, digital shaft encoders to sonic and radar distance sensors about 2015, and from Max Botix to Judd sonic sensors in 2018 and 2019. Transitioning from shaft encoders to sonic sensors eliminated the need for stilling wells for the flumes, which were difficult to keep ice free during winter. The digital shaft encoders at the weirs and flumes utilize the same float and weight around a pulley technology as the mechanical chart recorders. For 2013-2015, gaps in stage height were filled using a regression relationship with a nearby watershed or by linear interpolation for shorter gaps. Once stage height was gap-filled, specific discharge (mm) was calculated. For 2016-present, specific discharge was calculated first, and gaps were filled with the median of an ensemble of predictions from available watersheds (See et al. 2020).

References

Hertzler, R. A. 1938. Determination of a formula for the 120° V-notch weir. Civil Engin. 8: 756-757.

King, H.W. 1954. Handbook of hydraulics. Ed. 4, 556 pp., illus. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.

See C.R., Green M.B., Yanai R.D., Bailey A.S., Campbell J.L., Hayward J. 2020. Quantifying uncertainty in annual runoff due to missing data. PeerJ 8:e9531 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9531

Bailey, A.S., J.W. Hornbeck, J.L. Campbell, and C. Eagar. 2003. Hydrometeorological Database for Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: 1955-2000. GTR NE-305

People and Organizations

Publishers:
Organization:Environmental Data Initiative
Email Address:
info@edirepository.org
Web Address:
https://edirepository.org
Id:https://ror.org/0330j0z60
Creators:
Organization:USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station
Contacts:
Organization:Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study
Email Address:
hbr-im@lternet.edu
Associated Parties:
Individual: John Campbell
Organization:USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station
Email Address:
john.campbell2@usda.gov
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4956-1696
Role:Associated party
Individual: Amey Bailey
Organization:USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station
Email Address:
amey.bailey@usda.gov
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3848-8550
Role:Associated party
Individual: Nina Lany
Organization:USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station
Email Address:
nina.lany@usda.gov
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0868-266X
Role:Associated party
Individual: Mark Green
Organization:USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station
Email Address:
mbg78@case.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7415-7209
Role:Associated party
Individual: Scott Bailey
Organization:Virginia tech
Email Address:
bailey.scott@vt.edu
Id:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9160-156X
Role:Associated party

Temporal, Geographic and Taxonomic Coverage

Temporal, Geographic and/or Taxonomic information that applies to all data in this dataset:

Time Period
Begin:
1956-01-01
End:
2023-12-31
Geographic Region:
Description:Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest
Bounding Coordinates:
Northern:  43.959Southern:  43.914
Western:  -71.8062Eastern:  -71.7022
Geographic Region:
Description:Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest Watershed 1
Bounding Coordinates:
Northern:  43.9593557822668Southern:  43.9521213879054
Western:  -71.7308664206143Eastern:  -71.7258324124589
Geographic Region:
Description:Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest Watershed 2
Bounding Coordinates:
Northern:  43.960291615975Southern:  43.9534340561576
Western:  -71.7282299018694Eastern:  -71.7229683487338
Geographic Region:
Description:Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest Watershed 3
Bounding Coordinates:
Northern:  43.9621959011255Southern:  43.9546498936508
Western:  -71.7250293131682Eastern:  -71.7165330477456
Geographic Region:
Description:Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest Watershed 4
Bounding Coordinates:
Northern:  43.9584400180797Southern:  43.9498341211195
Western:  -71.7367112535046Eastern:  -71.7251264441362
Geographic Region:
Description:Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest Watershed 5
Bounding Coordinates:
Northern:  43.9571671305908Southern:  43.9489415601898
Western:  -71.7393751346238Eastern:  -71.7312533953862
Geographic Region:
Description:Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest Watershed 6
Bounding Coordinates:
Northern:  43.9570704342894Southern:  43.9499961425669
Western:  -71.7429898339815Eastern:  -71.7351745715318
Geographic Region:
Description:Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest Watershed 7
Bounding Coordinates:
Northern:  43.9275626202331Southern:  43.9160860989369
Western:  -71.7729893372752Eastern:  -71.7583437038186
Geographic Region:
Description:Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest Watershed 8
Bounding Coordinates:
Northern:  43.9295083991616Southern:  43.9180094526026
Western:  -71.7620729780292Eastern:  -71.7524128897013
Geographic Region:
Description:Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest Watershed 9
Bounding Coordinates:
Northern:  43.9259333378975Southern:  43.9160330187155
Western:  -71.7580290674899Eastern:  -71.7422674747308

Project

Parent Project Information:

Title:Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest Long-Term Data Collection
Personnel:
Organization:USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station
Role:Principal Investigator
Funding: USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station

Maintenance

Maintenance:
Description:ongoing
Frequency:
Other Metadata

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